Patient Abuse in Nursing Facilities Essay

Patient abuse in nursing facilities is becoming more prominent. Abuse is not only physical, but emotional, sexual, neglect and financial exploitations. The elderly are the most vulnerable and least likely to complain, so unfortunately they are the targets. Most families research in depth about the nursing facility that they will place their loved one, in hopes that abuse doesn’t occur. Although the research is done, families should still look for signs and symptoms of abuse since they are leaving their loved one in stranger’s hands. According to (Center), A recent investigation concluded that employment checks do not always provide adequate protection against elder mistreatment. For instance, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services prohibit nursing homes from hiring persons with a prior history of committing abuse in a nursing home setting, but those who have been convicted of other forms of abuse like child abuse may still be hired. Some states require a criminal background check, while others do not. Even so, these checks usually do not uncover convictions in another state. Furthermore, in some states, non-caregiving staff such as maintenance workers and others without a direct patient care role do not undergo criminal checks even though they may have direct access to patients and patient areas. Understaffing is a common cause of nursing home abuse. When staff members become overworked, they may begin to lose their patience with the nursing home residents. In addition, understaffing leaves many workers unsupervised or untrained, which can lead to nursing home abuse. Still, physical abuse in nursing homes is illegal, and the owners of the assisted living facility can be held liable if a resident is subject to nursing home abuse or neglect. Sometimes, it is difficult to identify nursing home residents who have been physically abused. Very often, members of the nursing home staff will state that the resident’s injuries were the result of a fall rather than the actual cause–nursing home abuse. In addition, the staff member may bully the resident into agreeing with their story. Because detecting signs of physical nursing home abuse can be difficult, loved ones should pay careful attention when visiting the nursing home. Be aware of the common signs of physical nursing home abuse, including: unexplained bruising, cuts, sprains, fractures and broken bones and open wounds. In addition to physical signs, nursing home patients who have been physically abused may also show changes in their behavior. If the resident appears withdrawn, fearful, nervous or depressed, they may be suffering from physical nursing home abuse. The most common type of physical abuse is battery, which can include forcing the resident into restraints for no valid reason. Other forms of physical abuse in nursing homes include: overmedication, use of excessive restraints, chemical or physical, for no reason, burning, pushing, shoving, force feeding, hitting the resident with the hand or an object, pulling the resident’s hair and mishandling the resident when transporting them from beds, bathrooms etc ( (Morgan). According to (Emotional Abuse in Nursing Homes), Emotional abuse in nursing homes is not as overt as other forms of abuse. Regardless, the effects that emotional abuse in nursing homes can result in are damaging to the happiness, health, and other areas of that resident’s life. Not knowing what signs to look for can allow emotional abuse in nursing homes to continue. Often times, a resident thinks that telling someone about abuse suffered, including emotional abuse in nursing homes, will make them a burden to the family or they feel afraid of enduring an increased amount of abuse. If emotional abuse in nursing homes is occurring the family members should immediately notify the facility. The facility should amend the situation at once but if the emotional abuse in nursing homes persists, the family should take further action. The chances of the emotional abuse in nursing homes occurring to just one resident are very slim so other residents are probably suffering as well. Emotional abuse in nursing homes can include humiliation, harassment, threat of punishment, deprivation, and intimidation, as well as other behaviors. One of the most pervasive forms of nursing home abuse today is that of neglect. Nursing home neglect is too frequently overlooked and results all too often in a decline in general health and eventually the death of those elderly people entrusted to nursing home care facilities. The problem can occur anywhere and can take many shapes. What makes this particularly sinister is that it can be overlooked or ignored for so long. Even upon repeated visits to a nursing home, the signs of nursing home neglect can remain hidden. In order to understand the scope of the problem, it is important to know the different types of nursing home neglect and nursing home abuse. The most obvious, most egregious, and the first that comes to mind for many people is physical neglect. Unfortunately common in nursing homes today, neglect takes many forms, however, all of which are disturbing in their own right. Any of the following forms of neglect warrant contacting a nursing home abuse lawyer to bring justice to the victim of neglect, as well as make conditions safer for other residents (Center). According to (Financial Exploitation of Nursing Home Residents), Financial exploitation of the elderly occurs when an individual takes or uses the money or property of a senior for any wrongful use, or with the intent to defraud the elder. Senior citizens who live in nursing homes or other long-term care facilities can be victims of financial abuse by their direct caregivers or by the administrators of the nursing homes. Financial exploitation is defined as the wrongful use of an individual’s finances or property for another’s advantage. This can occur when residents’ personal or financial resources are taken from them without their consent, either because the residents were incapacitated and unable to give consent or because they were subjected to threats, intimidation, manipulation, and deception. Examples of financial exploitation include cashing an elderly person’s checks without authorization, forging a senior’s signature, stealing an older person’s money or possessions, or deceiving an older person into signing any contract, will, or other document. According to (Nursing Home Abuse), It is critical for every resident to understand their nursing home patient rights in order to successfully acclimate to the very different living environment of a skilled nursing facility. Patients and their families should become well versed in the policies and procedures inherent to life in the facility and must know exactly what they can and should expect when it comes to care and safety. In the US, the federal government and each state government have written legislation which guarantees each nursing home resident specific and general rights while under professional care. Most foreign counties have similar laws enacted to protect elders from abuse and neglect in nursing facilities, as well. When your loved one is placed in a nursing home, it is required that they are given a written bill of patient’s rights. It is recommended that the family and loved one go over this bill of rights in detail so they are familiar with the rights of their loved one. Most often, nursing home patients cannot defend themselves, due to several different reasons: physical health, mental health, social isolation or dependency issues. Unless someone comes forward for these patients, they won’t get help and no one is penalized for their actions. Many do not know how to report nursing home abuse, so they remain silent and struggle with their disturbing knowledge of the abuse or neglect. Once the repost is filed, the organization that is responsible, will investigate thoroughly and will hold the person/persons responsible for their actions. If you are a family member and suspect any minor abuse or neglect, it is always wise to report the activity to the nursing home administrator directly. Tell them that you have evidence of the abuse and that you intend to take this matter as far as it will go. Do not back down. If the infraction is minor and resulted in no real damage, then you may consider allowing them to discipline the staff member internally. Just be sure to watch out for any retribution which may come back to your loved one if the staff member is not fired. If the infraction is more serious or you do not feel completely confident that the matter will be settled in the best interest of your loved one, then take the concern one step further. Immediately call police and report the incident. Additionally, contact adult protective services, your ombudsman, your local nursing home regulatory agency and Medicare, if applicable. You might also consider consulting with a nursing home abuse attorney and filing a civil lawsuit (Nursing Home Abuse). Although abuse in nursing facilities is becoming more prominent, there are several things that family members can do to protect their loved one from being a victim from this horrible crime. The elderly are very vulnerable, but they do not deserve the abuse that the under paid, aggravated staff member may give them. If someone suspects abuse in a nursing facility, they should report it immediately. If not, this makes you just as guilty.

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Using Social Media Essay

The advantages: Based on my own experiences, there are several advantages for marketers to use social media as part of their marketing communications strategies. Social media represent a revolutionary new trend in communication. More and more people begin to use social media to communicate. It is freer, more convenient, faster and cheaper than the old ways, people also can get more information what they want, what is more, people can get in touch with their friend easier. For the company, it can face to their target market precisely. Social media hold a great deal of customers’ information, through the information that people share, company can easily know customers’ hobbits and the goods they like. Social media also increase the communication between customers and marketers. Company can get lots of users’ feedback information and use that information to improve their product. It also help the organization leave a good impression in customers’ minds. One of the most important things is that social media not only can help companies advertising well but also nearly have no costs. What social media bring for the company cannot be measured but the cost of it is really low. It lowers the company’s advertisement costs. Read more:  Essay on advantages and disadvantages of social media Disadvantages: Based on my own experience, the disadvantages or risks for marketers in using social media as part of their marketing communications strategy are as follows. Company’s web page can be attacked by hackers and viruses; it may lose company’s important information, company may lose their competitive advantages. Customers can be deceived by the false information online and the extra information may let them get annoyed. The negative comments may damage companies’ image. The use of the internet may cause the reduction of production efficiency, because employees may busy use the internet to solve the problem online or update their software so that waste times. Company should learn how to handle a social media and that may waste company’s time. Because the social media is not a â€Å"face to face† communication, so it can have many incredible situations, the information may be not real, the likelihood of people been fooled are greatly increased.

Business Essay Example for Free (#4)

Business Essay A. 1. As I began my journey as a new business owner of a computer company I needed to define my company’s goals, decide which direction I wanted to take the company to and create a mission statement that will best represent my company. Since the company was new I needed to come up with something catchy and promising that would invite potential clients to find out more about the products we offer. Since there were more participants in this game and from my professional experience I learned that staying on the same path and making advancements is more beneficial than trying to change directions every time. In this case I remained focused on the same two groups for the remaining 3 rounds. Instead of changing and adding more products every quarters like most of the other participants I kept my two models (one for each group) and made necessary corrections and modifications based on the market needs. I verified the requirements of each group, the priorities and the price range each client is willing to pay. Since there are no specific techniques used in this part of the business analysis I used my own judgment in making sure that I create the best product with the items that are most important to the potential client group. As stated above I initially created two products (one for each group) and after the first round they both passed 70% but in the scientific group it was not chosen as one of the best. In the second round I was given an option of reviewing products of my competitors and the only difference was the larger monitor and an upgraded keyboard. I added those options to my products and in the next round both products did very well. I had to make sure that in the nest round I keep up with the new upgrades and add them to my products to make sure that I keep up with the new technology. Even after making the upgrades the prices did not change a lot and the two groups still chose my product as one of their choices and my products were receiving 100% in both categories. Out of all the categories my market performance would produce larger results if I was not afraid in estimating more clients and produce more computers in both categories. Every quarter I ended up loosing clients and sales due to shortage in inventory. My market performance, marketing effectiveness and human resource management remained slightly low even though I was very close to my competitors. As far as my salary package I paid my employees the most but I only contributed 2% of their salary versus 5% that everyone else was contributing. I believe that salary is more important than the retirement contribution. I upgraded health benefits but kept the contribution the same. 2.I would not change the targeted markets I have selected because my decision was a success. I wanted to make sure that my company will have balance between high paying clients and not as much demand and those where the profits are not as high but the demand is much higher. My analogy was right on target because with the Mercedes I was making higher profit but the number of machines was not as high as the market for general public where the profit was significantly lower. After being chosen by both markets as a preferred factory I had to make sure that I am keeping up with current technology and by adding extra features the price difference is not too high so that I would loose my lower profit clients. With that business idea I was able to survive my competition and climb up to the top. 3.When it comes to the sales locations I selected I believe that I have done enough research to make a good decision. Since I have chosen Mercedes for scientific computers and general public I wanted to make sure that I cover United States since Mercedes mainly operated in the US and their main headwaters are in Germany. Therefore I chose NY as one of the first offices along with France in Europe. My next choice was Tokyo since they have the most advanced technology and I can use that as my selling point to generate more business. My last choice was South America even though the expenses were not as high but it is less demanding since the poverty is significantly high. As expected, choosing my locations in this order was a success. 4.Marketing research could definitely be improved since I was not as successful as I was hoping to be. Most of my business was coming from direct sales and not as much from other advertising. I did not want to invest large amounts of money on the popular magazines since the fee was very high and I was concentrating on more common papers such as Science Magazines and business papers. Maybe I should have been more adventurous and invest in more popular magazines but I was afraid that I would suffer financially. Also I was not able to come up with a very catchy advertising line to attract potential clients and was scoring somewhat low on the advertising review. B.One of the most important decisions I made was to invest in international markets. Since Mercedes is from Germany and its factories are in the US I felt as investing in a European market would be a good idea simply because I come from Europe and I know that Mercedes is in demand as well as there are a lot of companies in need of a highly developed machine that can make their discoveries and creations a lot easier. I was a little hesitant about opening offices in Tokyo since their technology is very advanced and cost is very high. But because of that I decided to stand with competition face to face and use this to my advantage. By creating same quality machines for a little lesser cost I was able to survive and beat most of my competition. South America had smaller expenses but the demand was not very high considering the high number of less fortunate individuals. If investing in the international markets required large funds I would concentrate on the US market and possibly South America. Unless I discovered high turnaround and my investment would not affect my company’s future I would consider this option. Throughout my entire game I was very cautious and I was afraid of heavy investment simply because my funds were very limited and I did not want to jeopardize my company over greed and quick wealth. After reviewing my financial reports I was able to determine if additional investment is possible and how my this would effect the company overall. Heavy investment would depend on how the financial statements looked, careful review of the international markets and position of the company in the global market. If the company would not be as successful at the end of the 4th quarter as I wanted it to be I would most likely find another route to expand my borders. Business. (2017, Feb 03).

Why have not we mastered alignment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why have not we mastered alignment - Article Example Additionally, in cases where there is misalignment, the IS job gets done but with unnecessary redundancy and inefficiency, greater costs and delays leading to poor performance. And as a result, the organizations invest heavily in IS to compete effectively but still they experience disappointments in performance (Chan, 2002, p. 98-100). The study used both strategic and structural alignment. Research on strategic alignment proposes aligning business unit and IS strategies including communication and understanding between lines and IS executives, interconnected business and IS planning process and resulting plans among others. However, structural alignment refers to the degree of structural fit between the IS system and the business. Structural fit relates to organizational structure including location of IS decision-making rights, reporting relationships, and deployment of IS personnel. This alignment aims at supporting organizational objectives. An important point of discussion is that, effective information system alignment is appropriate for many organizations to escape unnecessary inefficiency and high cost. The strategies used by enterprises to monitor and improve the alignment and performance of information system functions should be a major concern for most organizational

ARGUMENT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ARGUMENT ANALYSIS - Essay Example Initially, Kamenetz rationalized that legal age requirements must be flexible depending on circumstances, valid endeavors and supplemented with specifically identified requirements. As averred, â€Å"legal age requirements should never stand alone. They should be flexible and pragmatic and paired with educational and cognitive requirements for the exercise of legal maturity† (Kamenetz par. 4). Using cognitive faculties, the author progressed by using logical appeals through citing credible contemporary practices. One of the valid supports presented legal regulations in driving. As disclosed, driving laws epitomized the best model for justifying that an early orientation to driving classes would result in more positive outcomes, especially in terms of lesser fatal crashes. The statistics cited was sourced from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety which conducted a study which revealed that â€Å"the most restrictive of these programs are associated with a 38 percent reduction in fatal crashes among the youngest drivers† (Kamenetz par. 5). Using parallelism, the author expounded the early driving permit example to potentially include its application to voting through a proposed early voting permit. As suggested, a preliminary civics course could be used as a standard requirement for passing to qualify a young citizen to enforce the right to vote. The author further explored the applicability to empowering youngsters to expand the rights, not only to voting, but to include areas such as drinking, marriage, and responsible use of credit cards to manage financial obligations. The author indicated that â€Å"in reality, this is already when most people have their first jobs, their first drinks and their sexual initiations. The law ought to empower young people to negotiate these transitions openly, not furtively† (Kamenetz par. 7). However, the author failed to provide any counter-arguments to balance the proposed expansion of empowering teenage rs to these activities. The strengths of the author in supporting the contentions lie in the effective selection of examples which were effectively backed by reliable sources. The essay was structured in a clear and logical manner that flowed well. The tone was appropriate and formal to effectively manifest professionalism in treating the advocated lowering of voting age. There was no eminent overly expressed intention to use emotional appeal and therefore, the strategy of using logical appeal enhanced the author’s credibility in promoting the advocated cause. One noted weakness was the failure of the author to effectively reference the cited sources (such as the study published by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety). Moreover, there was a cited statistical figure at the concluding paragraph which was not appropriately cited: â€Å"Demographically, those over 85 are our fastest-growing group. By 2020, the entire nation will be about as silver-haired as Florida is todayâ⠂¬  (Kamenetz par. 11). These statements need citations to enable readers to verify their authenticity and reliability. Further, the concluding portion focused more on the threat or risks posed by the aging population that did not tie at all on the author’s thesis statement. There was lack of expounding support for recommending young teenagers at the earliest age of 16 to vote by either providing advantages and also balancing the

Marketing communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing communication - Essay Example It creates brand awareness among the consumers. To make brand recall and improve it further, marketing communication is an effective way. In order to increase sales, a favorable climate is to be made, which is possible only if the marketing communication is well developed by the company and as the marketing initiatives need to be communicated in the market. The prospects i.e. the customers need to be informed and also educated regarding different products of company which are prevailing in the market. To inform and educate them proper tools of marketing communication are highly efficient. In order to have a competitive advantage in this cut throat competitive market, one should know how to make effective utilization of marketing communication. With this the company can stay ahead in the market and can be the market leader. Tesco’s products are more eco-friendly. It aims to provide products like Tesco laundry detergent which reduces the carbon foot print. It forces consumers to go green. In this way, Tesco is promoting their product which emits less carbon foot print which is an example of tangible advertisement. As the whole world is conscious about environmental issues Tesco is taking the advantage about it and producing product which is good for the environment. Also they have introduced orange juice with the level of carbon reduction. Tesco is using the Carbon Reduction Label in their products as a new strategy in the market. John Lewis has launched its on-line magazine with the on-line partner greenbee.com. It informs about the products they offer, different schemes available and various destination for vacation. Overall, the magazine gives one a guide to access category of products available and new launches in the store. They are using this on-line magazine as a strategy for promoting their products. Both the companies, Tesco and John Lewis, are powerful enough to take on home shopping operations. The categories of products of

Hispanic American Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Hispanic American Diversity - Essay Example Within this umbrella term â€Å"Hispanic† there are various sub groups, usually defined by the origins of the first immigrants to the USA. Mexicans form the largest group, who make up more than half of the total, followed by the Puerto Ricans, who make up about a 10%, and then the Cubans who only represent about 3.5%. The situation is complicated by the often vague definitions and usage of the two words â€Å"Hispanic† and â€Å"Latino† or â€Å"Latina† which sometimes refer to different groups, and sometimes are used interchangeably. For the purposes of this paper the term â€Å"Hispanic Americans† will be used to refer to all those who share the cultural heritage which originated in Spain and was transported to the southern parts of the American continent. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans are terms used to refer to people whose family origins are clearly from those particular countries. The term Latino American will be used to refer to those who have some connection with the Hispanic culture which is not specifically tied to the above named three groups. Many third and fourth generation Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans and other Hispanic Americans have parents from more than one cultural heritage, or themseleve marry into different cultural groups and absorb much of mainstream American culture. These people lose their specific cultural ties to the home of their older relatives but many of them still retain elements of a more generalised Hispanic culture. This last group will be referred to as â€Å"Latino Americans†. Relations between the USA and Mexico have been been economically tied together from the very beginning. In the first half of the twentieth century Mexicans arrived in large numbers seeking a better life and at first their focus was to recreate their homeland family and religious life in the cities of the southern states of America. The Depression of the 1920s resulted in rates of immigration being curbed for a time, and this allowed

DEATH WITH DIGNITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

DEATH WITH DIGNITY - Essay Example Different countries hold different views on euthanasia and so as their respective legal bodies. In Sweden it is allowed and in UK it is prohibited. Euthanasia again is divided into passive and active euthanasia and the law does not hold same view regarding this two. In this dubious state regarding euthanasia patients suffering form terminal illness are the prime sufferers. Should euthanasia be legalized or it should be left as it is. The following paper leads an investigative report on moral, ethical and legal grounds on this issue at the back ground of a case study of a young girl Maria who is suffering from motor neuron disease a terminal illness and has only one year to survive. Moreover the paper suggests some recommendations for the Minister of Health in order to facilitate euthanasia in a just way. Executive Summary: Death with dignity or euthanasia is a much-debated issue in the world. Apart from Oregon in other states of USA it’s prohibited and in United Kingdom the de bate is still going on over its acceptance. Interestingly in UK by The Suicide Act 1961, suicide has been legalized under certain circumstances but ending one’s life with the help of another is strictly prohibited. However it has been observed that assisted suicide is the only outlet or route of escape available to the people suffering from terminal illness, since in most of the cases they are not capable of doing it by their own. This report will enlighten the dubious factors hovering around this faint demarcation of suicide and assisted suicide and also will highlight the necessity of euthanasia to be legalized. In this effort a case study of Maria a young girl suffering from motor neuron disease has been considered. Maria whose fate was sealed as soon as she was detected with the mentioned disease, was bed ridden and paralysed to that extent that she cannot put an end to her life by her own. Her mother and family was strongly in favour of assisting her to end her life to a void the later stage complicacies and pain mainly arising from respiratory failure; but were never granted permission for the same. It should be noted since motor neuron disease leaves the mind almost unaffected hence it is obvious that Maria opined the same with her mother and family. This report aims at considering the case of euthanasia in a detailed manner and explores the ethical, legal and moral grounds in favour or against the same. The report also aims to figure out an appropriate point where euthanasia should be legalized and in its way to achieve that goal the report also suggests a set of recommendations. Rationale of the Report: Firstly historical evidence points to the fact that many clinical cases have been faced so far where a person with terminal illness and suffering like hell but the people around her even knowing the ultimate outcome remained neutral considering the red eyes of law. Examples in UK can be found from the instance from Mrs. Dianne Petty and Debbie Pu rdy. This report focuses on the justification of that act. Secondly according to Griffiths many medical professionals consciously or unwillingly considers voluntary euthanasia; an estimate put this number at 12 percent. (Griffiths, 1999) However the difference between voluntary and

Strategic audit of a corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic audit of a corporation - Essay Example Let us analyze the chart which shows the growth of internet connection users over the years: Figure 1: Internet connection users We can observe from the above mentioned chart that the wireless internet connection users has increased considerably over the years (Telus, 2013c). Market Share of Telus Communications Figure 2: Market share of Telus Communications in the year 2010 (Source: McFarlane, 2010) From the above chart we can observe that Shaw communications is the leading television and internet service provider followed by Telus communications. Telus communications needs to improvise its telecommunication and internet services to supersede Shaw communications. Marketing strategy The company has taken several environment friendly measures (Telus, 2013b).The environmental policies undertaken by the company are mentioned below: To develop sustainable development by integrating economic, social and environmental policies. ... Shaw communications The company was founded in the year 1966 under the name Capital Cable Television Ltd. The company provides cable television, telecom and digitalized satellite services. The company provides High Definition support to the television channels of Canada. Rogers Communications Inc The company provides cable television services, high speed internet connection and telecom products for consumers. Rogers Business Solutions which is a subsidiary company of Telus communications provides business telecom, data networking and IP (Internet Protocol) solutions to small, medium and large enterprise, government and carrier customers. The company’s stocks are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Rogers, 2013b) Current position of Rogers Communications Inc The revenue of the company increased from $12.142 million in the year 2010 to $12.428 million in the year 2011. Earnings per share increased from $2.89 in the year 2010 to $3.19 in the year 2011. The wireless internet connection users increased from 8977000 in the year 2010 to 9335000 in the year 2011. The cable television subscribers increased from 2297000 in the year 2010 to 2305000 in the year 2011. Figure 3: Revenue in $ millions (Source: Rogers, 2013a) Figure 4: Revenue by segment (Source: Rogers, 2013a) The company earns majority of its revenue from the wireless internet and cable television segments. Bell Canada Inc (BCE) The company provides solutions to business enterprises and customers. It provides wireless connections through Bell Mobility, SOLO and Virgin Mobile Canada (Bells, 2013b). It provides high speed internet and satellite television services. It

Simple picture Essay Example for Free

Simple picture Essay I believe Art is something that can not truly be defined. Art might be thought of as just a simple picture to hang on the wall. However, Art can be many different things and mean many different things to one. My personal definition of Art would be anything created by someone. Art can include a huge variety of different things. Art can be paintings, sculptures, photographs, drawings, illustrations, architecture, furniture, music, poetry. I also feel that choreography could be considered an art form. One of my favorite types of Art is crafts. Not everyone might see crafting as Art but it is something created by a person. I love crafting because it is a form of Art that any age can do from a baby to an elderly person who might not be in their best state. Crafting could include clothing design, shoe design, crocheting and knitting, among others. There are even things we use every day that we would not think of as Art that often started out as Art. Like silver ware or an office machine, most things start out on paper. Art is something that can be interpreted in so many different ways and as you can see there are so many different things that can be thought of as Art. The way art looks, feels, and the ideas it brings to mind all three go together. rt can be a very therapeutic way to deal with emotions people may not be able to express any other way. I think any work that touches us on an emotional level – brings us joy or anger, tears or laughter – is art. Whenever I find a piece of art interesting all three of the factors usually come into play. Those three qualities are crucial for me. Obviously if you can not see the art how are you going to know how it makes you feel, if you it does not bring anything to your mind then how do you know how it makes you feel. What is in the art, the content, is what it all goes back to and what everything is based on. Artists can take anything and put their own twist on it and call it Art. When it comes down to it, everyone has their own opinion of what a piece of Art means to them but only the artist knows the truth behind the work. All in all, art is everywhere one just has to have their eyes open, get in touch with their feelings, and enjoy it.

Comparison Of Taoism V Socrates

Comparison Of Taoism V Socrates Historically, Oriental and western philosophies developed in isolation from each other. The geographical and cultural distance between oriental and western civilization determined substantial differences between oriental and western philosophies. On the other hand, works of ancient Greek philosophers, such as Socrates, and some oriental philosophies, such as Taoism, do have some common ideas and concepts, although, regardless of some similarities, differences between oriental and western philosophies are distinctive. In this regard, it is possible to dwell upon the philosophy developed by Socrates and Taoism as two different philosophies, which respected the strife of individuals for the improvement of their life and self-perfection but still had quite different views, beliefs and concepts. In such a way, Taoism worshiped Toa as the first-cause of the universe and developed the philosophy, which worshiped Tao and promoted the self-perfection of individuals to meet Taoist ideals, wher eas Socrates stood on the ground that individuals should seek for wisdom as the way of self-perfection, taking care of their souls to reach harmony and spiritual balance. Socrates principles As the matter of fact, Socrates is one of the most influential philosophers of ancient Greece that defined, to a significant extent, the development of not only ancient philosophy but also the western philosophy at large. Socrates laid the foundation to basic principles of western philosophy, which were modified, changed and adapted by other philosophers. At the same time, his views were, in a way, universal because Socrates focused on the development of ideas, concepts and values which were universal and applicable to different cultures. Hence, Socrates philosophy persisted throughout times and places for centuries. In such a context, it is important to dwell upon basic principles of Socrates philosophy and to compare them to fundamental principles of Taoist philosophy. First of all, Socrates stressed the importance of wisdom and knowledge. He insisted that people should learn the surrounding world, themselves and phenomena around them. He developed the idea that the unexamined life is not worth living. At the same time, he remained very critical in regard to himself and his knowledge. On analyzing his knowledge he estimated I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is that I know nothing. In such a way, Socrates stood on the ground that human mind can hardly become absolutely wise. In other words, Socrates had doubts that people could know everything. At this point, his views were close to Taoism, which respected Tao as the wisest deity, whose wisdom is not achievable for ordinary humans. In such a context, it is worth mentioning the fact that Socrates insisted that wisdom should not be the ultimate goal of human life but what made the life purposeful was the search for wisdom, learning: I decided that it was not wisdom that enabled poets to write their poetry, but a kind of instinct or inspiration, such as you find in seers and prophets who deliver all their sublime messages without knowing in the least what they mean. At the same time, Socrates argued that the most important task in life is caring for the soul: All mens souls are immortal, but the souls of the righteous are immortal and divine. Therefore, Socrates argued that people should take care of their souls and lead a virtuous life to be good and happy. Socrates places emphasis on the fact that people should work on their self-improvement and self-perfection to take care of their soul and to live a happy life. At this point, another principle of Socrates is of the utmost importance. Socrates believed that a good person could not be harmed by other people. In this regard, the material well-being of a person was not important for Socrates since: He is richest who is content with the least, for content is the wealth of nature. Therefore, Socrates believed that it is through the virtuous life people could be happy and live in harmony with their self and with other people. Principles of Taoism In fact, fundamental principles of Taoism are, in a way, similar to that of Socrates, although Taoist principles are built up on the religious ground. To put it more precisely, Taoist believe that Tao is the first-cause of the universe: We believe in the formless and eternal Tao, and we recognize all personified deities as being mere human constructs. We reject hatred, intolerance, and unnecessary violence, and embrace harmony, love and learning, as we are taught by Nature. We place our trust and our lives in the Tao, that we may live in peace and balance with the Universe, both in this mortal life and beyond. In this regard, Taoist views are quite different from that of Socrates because Taoist viewed Tao as the Supreme Being, deity that rules the world and humans, whereas Socrates insisted on the power of human mind. Therefore, Socrates was more anthropocentric compared to Taoists who viewed Tao as the supreme deity. At the same time, goals of human life and existence in Taoism were, in a way, similar to that of Socrates. Taoist stood on the ground that a believers goal was to harmonize themselves with Tao. This means that Taoist are supposed to seek for harmony and self-perfection to harmonize with Tao as Socrates suggested to seek for knowledge and self-perfection to take care of the soul. At the same time, Socrates was apparently concerned with the spiritual life of people above all, whereas physical aspects of human existence were secondary to him. He insisted on the necessity to develop knowledge and wisdom of humans. In contrast, Taoism stressed the importance of health and vitality in contrast to Socrates soul. In such a way, Taoist believed that the happiness is impossible without health and vitality, whereas Socrates was more concerned with knowledge, wisdom and soul of people, instead of their physical body, health and vitality. Nevertheless, Taoist developed believes which were close to Socrates philosophy. To put it more precisely, Taoist viewed the development of virtue as ones chief task. What is meant here is the fact that Taoist should lead a virtuous lifestyle to reach the harmony with Toa. In contrast, sinful life lead to misfortunes and problems people could not cope with in their life. Hence, Taoist developed the belief that people should plan in advance and consider carefully their actions before making them. In this regard, the belief of planning human actions is intertwined with Socrates emphasis on the importance of wisdom in human life. On the other hand, Taoist focus on the importance of actions planning were determined by the belief that actions tend to be reciprocated that means that good actions of an individual lead to good actions committed by other people in regard to the individual and, vice versa, bad actions provoke misfortunes and bad actions committed in regard to the individual. Similarity between Taoism and Socrates Socrates and Toaism still have some similarities. For instance, both Socrates and Taoism believed that a person with great wisdom can still be uninformed And to act on that ignorance under the pretense that it is knowledge, both held, is folly that leads not to progress and betterment within the individual and society but to the opposite effect (Moore Bruder, 2005, p. 503). Therefore, wisdom is not achievable but worth striving for, while, in case of Socrates, striving for wisdom makes the life of people purposeful. At the same time, both Socrates and Taoism stressed the importance of the virtuous life. Socrates insisted on the virtuous life as a part of caring for the soul, whereas Taoist viewed virtuous life as a way to reach harmony with Tao. In such a way, both philosophies viewed virtuous life as essential because without virtuous lifestyle people could not be happy in their life. At this point, the virtuous life is one of the fundamental concepts of both philosophies. On the other hand, it is worth mentioning the fact that the ways of the achievement of the virtuous life and happiness differed in Socrates and Taoist philosophy. To put it more precisely, Socrates believed in wisdom and knowledge as the main tool with the help of which people could become virtuous, whereas Taoist believed that it was through worshipping of Tao and respecting principles of Taoism people can be virtuous and, therefore, happy. Conclusion Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that Socrates and Taoism developed philosophies, which had both similarities and differences. At first glance, Socrates philosophy and Taoism are absolutely different, especially in regard to the role of religious beliefs in the life of people. On the one hand, Socrates viewed knowledge and wisdom as issues worth living of and without which human life is pointless. On the other hand, Taoism viewed worshipping of Tao and living according to principles of Taoism as the only way of life for true Taoists. In such a situation, it is quite noteworthy that Socrates and Taoists developed views, which were, to a certain extent, similar. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that both Socrates and Taoism viewed virtuous life as essential concepts for the happiness of people. At the same time, both Socrates and Taoism agreed that people, in spite of their efforts to learn and strife for knowle dge, cannot always be wise and wise people can be uninformed.

Web Accessibility: How Improving Online Communication for the Blind Aid

Many businesses struggle in today’s sluggish economy. According to ShopperTrak’s National Retail Sales Estimate, total retail sales for Christmas week 2010 dropped 4.1 percent and foot traffic in brick-and-mortar stores fell 6.1 percent (Christmas Week Retail Sales). To increase sales, companies must look for new marketing ideas and revenue streams. Two ideas are using Web advertising and creating online storefronts— ‘click-and-mortar’ stores versus ‘brick-and-mortar’ stores (Journal of Interactive Advertising 2002). Companies also target the massive â€Å"Baby Boomer Generation† to appeal to larger audiences. Businesses increase their Web presence effectively and efficiently by creating sites that appeal to the aging Baby Boomers and to all visually impaired people. They create these sites by using Web accessibility. The term visually impaired describes people reporting difficulty seeing even while wearing corrective lenses as well as those who are blind, according to the American Foundation of the Blind (Facts and Figures). The World Health Organization (WHO) divides vision into four categories: normal vision, moderate visual impairment, severe visual impairment, and blindness. Low vision includes individuals having â€Å"moderate visual impairment† and â€Å"severe visually impairment.† The low vision category includes legally blind individuals; the Braille Institute defines a legally blind person as someone who â€Å"central vision acuity† is 20/200 or less even with corrective lenses, such as glass or contact lenses. Low vision and blindness comprise the spectrum of visual impairment. The WHO states that glaucoma, cataracts, and â€Å"uncorrected refractive errors, such as myopia and astigmatism, are the major causes of visual impairment worldwide. ... ...C/q/id/53349/t/2>. Steinfeld, Charles. â€Å"Understanding Click and Mortar E-Commerce Approaches: A Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda.† Journal of Interactive Advertising. 2.2. Spring 2002. Print. Tim Berners-Lee: Bio. World Wide Web Consortium, 30 April 2010. Web. 10 April 2011. . United States. Census Bureau. Americans With Disabilities: 2005. Washington: GPO, 2008. Print. 29 USC. Sec. 794d. 1998. Print. US Web Retail Sales to Reach $249 Bln by '14-Study. Reuters, 8 March 2010. Web. 7 April 2011. . Vision Loss Rate Expected to Double as Boomers Age. SeniorLiving, n.d. Web. 8 April 2011. . World Health Organization, April 2011. Web. 6 April 2011. .

No Wasted Time :: College Admissions Essays

No Wasted Time The first piece of "serious and literary" grown-up fiction I remember reading without duress was All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren. I was fourteen, and for the past two years my pleasure reading had consisted entirely of science fiction-I consumed one book per day in this genre. Not all of this time was wasted, but the diet had become a little monotonous. The students a year ahead of me in high school were assigned to read Warren's novel. I picked up a copy in a study hall, to while away fifteen minutes of tedium. In that amount of time I was hooked. First edge of cynicism on its poetic valences. When I had read more of the book I was taken by the richness of its meanings, how thoroughly and thoughtfully the sense of every action and episode had been interlocked with all the others. I had wanted to be a writer before, but I had known that this was what a book could do, or that this was how you did it. I reread All the King's Men half a dozen times, for me it was a portal to a whole lot of other serious fiction, but the novel itself holds up very well under such intense poring. George Garrett once said that one of the problems of student writers is that they were fed a diet of masterpieces. Masterpiece fiction is too well made for you to figure out how the writer did it. To pick up technique, the thing to do is read genre.

Should we all become vegetarians? Essays -- essays research papers

Should all people become vegetarians ? As we can now observe, vegetarianism has become something fashionable, and the number of people who reject eating meat is constantly increasing. In Britain, for instance, over 5 million people have done it so far. It is obviously connected with the recent animal diseases, but this tendency is likely to spread on the other regions of the world. However, it is not only a fashion or fear of illnesses. I myself became a vegetarian about 2 years ago, and I can see a number of reasons why people should stop eating meat. They are mainly of ethic, economic and health type. Those who think in an ecological way should also be aware of how this meat consumption ruins our environment. I don’t have an intention to force anybody to become a vegetarian, but I hope that my argumentation would be strong enough to make some people think about it, at least. In this essay I will try to present this point of view, expressing my personal feelings and showing scientific facts about the problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let me begin with the words by George Bernard Shaw: ‘Animals are my friends and I don’t eat my friends’. This indicates the ethic aspect of meat consumption. In fact, people often don’t realize how animals are treated, but they can see commercial spots in their TV showing smiling pigs, cows or chickens, happy and ready to be eaten. My impression is that there can’t be anything more cruel and senseless. It is no secret that animals suffer ...

Boundary Issues

The term boundary can be understood to mean something that indicates a boarder or a limit. This is in other words a boarder or limit so indicated. This can as well be classified into two major classes of boundaries as can be seen here:- Divergent boundaries-using the geographical aspect of explanation, it can be described as occurrence at the point where two plates move away from each other. This creates more crust at the point of separation. Convergent boundaries-this is when the plates are moving into one another neither sub ducting into the other but pushing up the crust.Crust slip boundary-this can be termed another division where plates are colliding into one another at an angle. Tension builds and released inform of an earthquake. All human love and dialog is a striving to reconcile our longing for the gone bliss of togetherness with our equally intense desire for separateness (cited Jane Adams, PhD). Human minds encompass these conflicting issues through creation and uncreatio n of boundaries. These are mental issues and structures that increase in their nature of complexity and number. This does happen when we meet other people and develop our own capacities.We are able to identify our thoughts and feelings together with our emotions from those of others. This comes to happen simply because they tend to format all our memories and thinking, experiences, emotions and sensations in our identity. They do not occupy our geographical but rather mental phenomenon in our minds. This creates a real boarder in our minds. Boundaries define how self identifies itself. They do not only determine where you begin but also where you end. This goes to the space between us too. Boundaries are responsible for how we deal with the dilemma of being human.Self-in-dilemma defines how we identify and relate with others. This too stretches to identifying ourselves by maintaining our identity by our autonomy and independence. One thing that is so clear is that relationship diffe rences are as a result of boundaries. This has been seen frequently being encountered between parents and children, spouses, partners, friends and professional colleagues. Intimacy, loneliness, conflict, anxiety, stress and challenges at every stage of life are dealt with by the creation of boundaries. The development of our personalities is central to this as well as how our identity s identified.This is defined to how we think and feel about ourselves and how others perceive us. This is a special lens through which we perceive ourselves, how we are and why we are those kinds of people that we are able to see in ourselves. Limits of inner boundaries Many at times we might argue but the truth of the matter is that generic inheritance is responsible for the shaping of our inner boundaries (this is meant to identify with individual neuro chemistry, how sensitive the amygdala is and the connection of various parts of the brains among other things).Habits of the mind, neuro chemistry an d temperament dictate the extend to which our inner boundaries are connected or separate our thoughts and feelings, distinction of our mental experiences, from those of others, how they absorb or deflect the influence of their thought, moods and voices on our own and distinction among the identity, ego and superego. This gives the conscious, unconscious and preconscious contents of our minds and their property. Connection between inner boundaries and addiction Boundaries hail from recovery movement. Boundaries dysfunction and confusion coupled withdistortion are symptomatic of drug problems, alcohol, food, sex spending and other substances or activities that are considered to be addictive in nature. Addiction and recovery literature touches on boundaries and it does generally give a short attention to inner boundaries and rather focuses on interpersonal ones. Boundaries go not only to the extend of affecting the relationship with others but also emotional balance , personalities, co gnitive ability, career choice, art preference, music and architecture, political views and opinion not forgetting attitude. It also stretches to attitudes towards money and time.As an influence of personality, it is so surprising how boundaries are overlooked yet they are so an important aspect of our lives. This is so for psychiatrists who are concerned with individual rather than individual in relationship to. When we are discussing issues to do with boundaries, we should talk of boundaries and hoe they affect us directly and their influence on the people living around us. The world being a global village, and human beings being the only existent social beings in nature, the comfort of our neighbors should be of great interest to us.When we live as a community, we should put in mind the immediate aspect of how our neighbors are and not just the single life existing between us. Mental illness is the hallmark of distorted inner boundaries and this explains why they end up behaving like so, interpersonal psychiatrists differently think about boundaries(inner ones). They look at how they shape our social upbringing and as well how they organize or disorganize the contents of our minds . When inner boundaries are termed porous or weak , then the self is empty and famished . Forever one will be in search of someone to fill or repair it.In case we make it more rigid and solid ,it is always hard to let other people understand us,touch us or even move us, when we distort them to the worst ,so is the person himself. This means no psychological growth can occur within us social workers in practice encounter situations that end up bringing boundary problems or potential boundary problems. In a situation where workers face workers encounter conflict of interest , boundary problems arise. This is dual or several relationship boundary issues. Multiple relationships are as result of professional engaging in more than one relationship.Relationships have been established to be common primarily among social workers and their current workers and their colleagues. Discussions mainly focuses on dual relationship especially exploitive ones. As seen with social workers who get sexually involved with clients , this is a clear explanation of social dual dual boundary problem, This has been seen over a range of acts inclusive of providing home telephone number for official events, accepting goods and services from people one is not supposed to, ranging as far fetched issues as well.Jayarante et all , 1997 noted â€Å" and now swinging in a narrower arc the arm of controversy and can be done away with and dual relationships like sexual attachment with clients should be avoided greatly. It would be good that professionals continue to work with integrity and dignity and to bring out the difference concerning sexual relationships that we should be able to avoid as much as possible. (pg 190) One has a broader examination lense and a fine toned understanding of the levels which we should be able to get ourselves involved.Sexual relationship prohibitions between doctors and students have been described not to be a thing of the late twentieth century. The physician-patient relationship demands the doctor be very disciplined to ensure that the patient . Doctors should do everything to avoid relationship that will impair their professional judgment or the possibility of creating a dirty game that erodes the trust and confidence placed in them by their patients The question of whether the situations of sexual misconduct between doctors and patients is as bad as itappears to be remains and snag between peoples mind. Some have argued that the situation is being overstated and people have kept citing the same incident to justify their overstatements. Which has always said that the the case is understatement. For the purpose of better understanding of this problem, a review of the available cases and their sources has to be done. Data has shown that th e the studies were conducted through selection of cases based on anonymity through the mail.The first case was the collection of data by asking the patients and practitioners being asked to tell how many of the practitioners being asked to tell how many of their friend and have been involved in a similar act with their partners. The second case did not account for the patients who had been involved in the issue with several practitioners and reported over the last 25 years. Boundary issues come in more than one sharpened size and addresses most fundamental aspects of the therapeutic practice, Regarding boundary issues, the therapist is responsible for two kinds of standards.†Minimal standards being the first one is the most mandatory and whenever violated it leads to punishment. † â€Å" Aspirational standards† comes next even though it is not as mandatory as such and do not participate in the punishment of the individuals. They are sources which we should underst and and work towards achieving in order to have the best out of our professions. A professional therapist will get engaged in both minimal and aspirational standards to ensure that he achieves the best and avoidance of the blunders in life.Among the issues that can be understood as boundary issues ranges from being a clients friend being differentiated from being their therapist, formation in therapy of sexually intimate relations, offering the client non licensed services from the reason when you first met and failure to keep your private life away from the client. Through assessing the following issues one is able to understand himself better and work towards getting the best deal out of his working relationship with his clients.This also does promote the ethical way of living. The client feels more of a friend with you than a client at the end of the therapy session. One might also feel sexually aroused in the response to a client. It may also come in a sense when one would like to be lovers with a client at the end of the therapy session. Do you ever have sexual contact with the client? You often go into careful selection of your clothes with a specific client in mind. It is also seen in times when a particular clients time always runs overtime.Engaging in friendly talks with the client thus revealing so much of yourself towards a particular client. Healthy boundaries have also been described to exist whatsoever. This has been described through willingness to say no in order to clearly notify others that they are stepping on your toes. Controversially, you are also willing to say yes. One too has the ability to make requests and seek alternatives when other people say no to him. It also comes with one having a sense of personal understanding and self respect. It stretches too to making self disclosure appropriate.One reveals information about himself gradually and this comes at a time when self respect has been developed leading to development in trust. Mu tual sharing must be the guiding factors to this. Lastly one never tolerates abuse or disrespect. You should recognize when the problem is yours or the other person’s. if it doesn’t have to be yours, you simply don’t jump in to provide a solution but instead let the other person be responsible for his own boundaries. At times, a situation of collapsed or no boundaries has been described. This has been manifested through several states as well.When one can’t say no for fear of abandonment or rejection. One discloses too much information about himself or herself. If one takes no other people’s feelings apart from empathy and high tolerance for abuse and being treated with disrespect it dearly demonstrates collapsed boundaries. It further stretches to the feeling of â€Å"I believe I deserve it† when treated badly. This is coupled with doing anything to avoid conflict with other people. Being focused on achieving what you believe other people w ant you to be letting you have no sense of noting fully in others.You always want to act to please other people and in return forget all about molding respected and responsible individual in yourself. Boundaries can be important in our lives. They do give us ownership. A boundary can in simple terms be described as a property line. Knowing where our property starts and ends one is able to understand and have a claim of ownership over the given property. We tend to understand what belongs to us and what doesn’t at the same time. Through having boundaries and having defined the extent of ownership it does give us a sense of responsibility.We are responsible for keeping well what belongs to us. As such, individuals are taught to take good care of what belongs to them so that we do not interfere with other people’s freedom and rights. This helps understanding where one’s freedom or control starts and ends. Understanding the freedom one has from the spouse we are abl e to open up several other opportunities. As clearly understood that your next door neighbor cannot force you paint your house walls green or red we tend to understand that we cannot poke our noses into other people’s affairs and expect to do away with it.The triangle of boundaries revolves around freedom, love and responsibility. We were created free by God and given the responsibility for our freedom as well. Being set free, makes us be responsible for our deeds failure for which leads to prosecution. As stated in the whole bible we are asked to love God and worship him all along. God expects us to live free and take responsibility for our own freedom besides loving him so much. If we accomplished these three events of life, then life becomes a bed of roses and an Eden of experience. Incredibility occurs as these three ingredients of life do happen.When love grows, spouses become more and more free of slavery; being self centered, living patterns that are sinful and limitat ions that are self imposed tend to fade away. This leads to spouses gaining a greater sense of self control and responsibility. As a result of acting more responsibly one becomes more loving. This sends back to the start the cycle all over again. The secret towards happiness in a long lasting relationship is this one. A couple married for more than 10 years can boast of this since they learn to become more of themselves with time and get more loved in return.Love has been known to exist only where there is freedom. Protection is the last aspect of boundaries. Taking an example of a home or a house, one is always struggling to keep his house under lock and key to ensure that there is protection and safety. It was said by Jesus that dogs should not be given what is sacred. Our (pearks) should not be thrown to pigs instead. They might trample them under their feet and immediately they are done they will turn to tear you into pieces (cited Matthew 7:6). These fences are used to keep the bad ones out and only let in the good ones.This means that the permeability of boundaries is an issue. As with individuals, one needs boundaries that can be put up when the evil is present and be laid down when the dangerous states are done with. Living within truth makes us safe. This regards truth as another very important boundary. Boundaries are provided with the truth and principle of guidance from God. When we do the following we define it as truth; do not lie or commit adultery, coveting other peoples property like the story in the bible, readiness to give to others, loving one another, being compassionate and readiness to forgive.Crossing boundaries of relationships centered around God's truth endangers our success and how well we can thrive. Honesty and truthfulness about what happens in our relationships is a good provision of our boundaries. There are certain law that govern the boundary issues as seen in marriages. Sowing and reaping This should be interpreted to mean t hat our actions have consequences or repercussions. When we do positive things about us, we tend to draw people closer to us and as a result they do become more loving and accommodating to us.They feel more attached to us and more than willing to be with us and stay attached to us. We always send them to a state of wanting to be with us at the same time being more positive to us. The moment we become irresponsible and unloving, people tend to keep distance from us. They run away from us and feel like not wanting to be associated with us. We are left alone and the consequences are feeling lonely and withdrawn. This teaches us to be responsible knowing that if we messed around with other peoples emotions they in turn end up leaving us alone and keeping us in a state of wanting to be close again.The law of responsibility This means that the spouses refuses to rescue their partners from mistakes and foibles committed by them. This is the sinful behavior of being immature. The couples ha ve the responsibility of setting limits to the level that their spouses are held up in the unbecoming behavior. This is a clear state of the mind being exercised by the partners tending to build up maturity in their spouses. When such a state of the mind is created, then the entire consequence is having a mature society as a whole. The law of powerThis law comes out to be a unique one. It does so in the sense that it does empower the couples with the ability to change their marriages. One has the capacity to get out whatsoever he or she wants from the marriage and not acting as a result of pressure from other sources. As a result, the act of saying that we let nature take its course is done away with. When we let nature take its course we end up in a situation that does not allow us to set our own targets. Setting targets is the first thing that any human being can think of and be able to achieve.It encourages us to work hard and be alert in all situations. A human being who doesn't work with any target ends up being distorted and the final resettling becomes a thing of the past. It is only when you and your mate understand and go to the extend of respecting each others needs that you can selflessly give to one another. The creating of boundaries in marriages gives you the right tools you actually deserve to come out to the right decision. Boundary issues appear to be dominant in many places. It does not only apply to human setting but has been noted even in national parks.Boundary management has become a major concern issue even in these places. Boundary making traces its origin straight from the animal kingdom. From time immemorial, animals have been known from time immemorial to lay boundaries within themselves. The king of the jungle was the lion and the cascading system was used to place animals in different places in the jungle. This led to the assignment of tasks based on boundaries. Man has had to derive his present governance system on the very basis that the animal kingdom operated. Just like the animals defined their boundaries so has man become of late.This has been seen to range from individual relationships to group relations and even stretches to the international level. Long before the introduction of the state governance system, we used to have traditionally instituted societies that lived and respected the presence and sovereignty of other neighboring states. Failure to do do this would lead to endless wars among the competing societies something that led to restoration of peace in the society. It is clear that boundary issues cut across all spheres of our living and we tend to have them in our day to day living.These are issues that affect our living and we cannot be able to have a peaceful society without boundary issues coming into play. As a matter of fact, we do understand that human coexistence is based on the fact that one has to respect the sovereignty of the other. Be it at individual or collective responsibili ty level, the secret behind colleagues having some mutual understanding is recognition of the rights and freedoms of the other members of the society. If human beings lived by this, the society remains to be a peaceful one.As clearly seen in this paper, if one has to maintain his dignity, define the level to which you do relate with others and keep a clear distinction between your work and the social life. When a clear cut distinction has been put between the two cases, then the society understands the need for boundaries and as a result, we are able to have a peaceful society. Word count 3482 References â€Å"Boundary Issues†: Using Boundary Intelligence ti Get The Intimacy You Want and The Independence You Need In Life, Love and Work. † by Jane Adams (Wiley, October, 2005)Ludwig Edelstein. The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation and Interpretation. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1943. Federation Of State Medical Boards of The US,Inc. , Ad Hoc Committee On Physician Im pairment. Report on Sexual Boundary Issues, April, 1996. Irons, RR. Schneider JP. Addictive Sexual Disorders in Principles and Practices of Addictions In Psychiatry, Miller. NS ed. , pp. 441-457, 19997. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Opinion On Ethics:Sexual Misconduct In The Physician Patient Relationship, Document Number. 1

Prejudice and Discrimination in Philadelphia Essay

Philadelphia is a movie which demonstrates not only the cold-blooded and hypocritical members of corporate society, but the indignities and prejudices that people living with AIDS have to go through. This movie was set in an era when homosexuality was not socially accepted and not many people were educated on the disease AIDS. Andrew Beckett, a Philadelphia lawyer who has been keeping his homosexuality, and his AIDS, hidden from his conservative bosses. He is a good worker and is respected in the workplace until one day he’s suddenly and inexplicably fired. Andrew suspects AIDS is the reason, and is determined to fight in court, even as he is losing his other battle, against the disease. Beckett hires attorney Joe Miller to represent him. Joe Miller is a homophobe and has to first overcome these fears of gays. Andrew Beckett’s ex Boss, Charles Wheeler, a sickening, prejudice man who resembles the most disgusting corporate boss there is: The corporate boss, who pretends to be friends with his coworkers or clients, only to stab them in the back later. He will do only anything to benefit himself and get to the top of the business. At the beginning, Wheeler pretends to be Andy’s friend, heck he even asks him for legal advice on a special antitrust case called †Highlight vs. Sander Systems†. Andy Beckett’s becomes fired, from the job, once they find out he has aids, but try to make it look he was fired for other reasons. The movie also greatly shows the prejudices, and misconception people have about aids. Another scene that shows people ignorance and prejudice towards AIDS and homosexuals is the library scene in which Andrew Beckett is conducting research for his AIDS case against the law firm that illegally fired him. The librarian first asks Andy Beckett, if he would be more comfortable in a study room, but then it becomes evident that the ignorant librarian is telling not asking Andy Beckett to go to another room because she is uneducated on the disease and fears she might catch it. Andrew being, a very proud man, refuses showing his true dignity even while having AIDS. At the time Andrew Beckett’s lawyer Joe Miller was there and saw this happening, although he was hiding behind a pile of books. He realised Andrew needed him to help protect his rights. The lawyer took the book Andy was holding out of his hand to show the librarian he was not afraid getting the disease by touching something Andrew had touched. During the court case, Joe Miller brings up the point of homosexuality against Andrew’s old company in defence, he brings up the points of how society don’t accept AIDS and homosexuals. In the end Andrew and Joe win the case and get money in damages, although Andrew is dying, he is happy to see that they won the case and raised awareness of AIDS.

Violence Against Nurses Psychiatric Settings Health And Social Care Essay

The motive of this paper stemmed from a late intelligence in the media describing the increased incidents of force and aggression faced by nurses in Jordanian infirmaries. The media intelligence prompted the writer to reflect on current cognition and apprehension of these events in both in Jordan and around the universe to do recommendations for pull offing reduction, and bar of these events in the hereafter. Recommendations for future research in this country were addressed besides. Recommendations for future research will enable nurses to intensify their apprehension of force and aggression in psychiatric scenes & A ; which in bend will take to improved schemes, policy and pattern taking to increased safety for nurses and patients. This paper was intended to be a commentary paper on the phenomena of force in psychiatric scenes ; nevertheless, to notice on this phenomenon an extended literature reappraisal was conducted and will be presented besides. The paper design compared the â €Å" force † with the â€Å" offense † . The culprit of this offense is the psychiatric or mentally sick patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental wellness nurse. The scene where the offense occurred is the psychiatric scene. The Aim This paper aims to supply a general apprehension of the whole image of force against nurses in psychiatric scenes. In order to accomplish that, this paper addressed the undermentioned subjects: ( 1 ) Recent epidemiology of episodes of force in psychiatric words, ( 2 ) Specifying force and related constructs, types, and signifiers, ( 3 ) The culprit, ( 4 ) The victim, ( 5 ) Prevention of violent incidents, ( 6 ) Appraisal of force, ( 7 ) Management of violent episodes. Methods The undermentioned databases were searched: EBSCO host service databases ( Academic Search complete, Accumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature ( CINAHL Plus ) , MEDLINE, Psychology and Behaviours Sciences Collection ) . These databases were searched for English linguistic communication documents published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 utilizing the cardinal words â€Å" violen* † ( force or violent ) and â€Å" in-patient † or â€Å" psychiatric words † or â€Å" psychiatric scenes † . Limiters were used in each database to include and except certain surveies. The hunt was limited to full text articles, available mentions articles, articles published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 in scholarly ( peer reviewed ) diaries. Particular clippers for Academic Search Complete were periodical publications, English linguistic communication articles, and articles with PDF full text. Particular clippers for CINAHL Plus were articles with available abstract, English linguistic communication articles, research articles merely, articles that considered worlds merely as research topics, articles with at least one nurse writer, surveies conducted in inmate scenes merely, and articles with PDF full text. Particular clippers for MEDLINE were: articles with abstract available, English linguistic communication articles, articles that considered worlds merely as research topics, articles published in nursing Diaries merely. Merely PDF full text articles were searched in psychol ogical science and Behavioural Sciences Collection. After finishing hunt, 197 surveies resulted. Most of them were included in this paper. However, some were non included because they did non react to the objects of this paper. Some of surveies in mentions lists of the attendant articles were besides reviewed and included for epidemiological intents even they are older than five old ages. Some of them were besides used for critically reexamining the updated surveies ( aaˆÂ °A?5 old ages ) . Definitions Violence in the workplace can take assorted signifiers runing from opprobrious linguistic communication, menaces, physical assaults, and even homicide ( Wassell, 2009 ) . There are many different definitions of force. This subdivision will specify and distinguish between force signifiers and signifiers. The universe Health Organization ( WHO ) define force as: â€Å" The knowing usage of physical force or power, threatened or existent, against oneself another individual, or against a group or community, that either consequences in or has a high likeliness of ensuing in hurt, decease, psychological injury, maldevlopment, or want † ( WHO, 2005, p.5 ) . Work-related force is any activity or event occurred in the work environment affect the international usage of physical or emotional maltreatment against an employee, ensuing in negative physical and emotional effects ( Nachreiner, et al. , 2007 ) . A less restrictive definition was the definition of Baron and Neuman ; they define workplace force as direct onslaughts which occur in the workplace itself or within an organisation ( Baron & A ; Neumann, 1998 ) . Physical assault is hitting, slapping, kicking, forcing, catching, sexually assaulted, or any type of physical contact aimed to injury or harm ( Nachreiner et al. ) . A menace occurred when person used words, gestures, or actions for freighting another one without trying injury or hurt ( Nachreiner et al. ) . Sexual torment occurred when 1 is a topic for any type of unwanted sexual behavior ( words or actions ) . ( Nachreiner et al. ) . Verbal maltreatment is naming another individual -must be associated with the name- with unfavorable words for the intent of aching & A ; emotionally wounding. Jenkins ( 1996 ) believes that even menace of physical force is considered physical force ( Jenkins, 1996 ) . WHO determined three types of violent Acts of the Apostless: physical, sexual, and psychological ( WHO, 2005, p.6 ) . Violence and aggression are two inte rconnected constructs extensively studied in nursing literature. Although, they are non the same, nursing literature widely used them interchangeably. In this paper, force and aggression will be used interchangeably. Epidemiology The hazard of being subjected to violence among wellness staff is 16 times higher than in other occupational groups in the service sector ( Kingma, 2001 ) . There is an intensifying dismaying tendency of all signifiers and types of force towards nurses in wellness attention scenes ( Whelan, 2008 ) . Nurses are at the highest rates of nonfatal workplace assault and violent victimization in all wellness attention scenes ( Lanza, Zeiaa, & A ; Rierdan, 2006 ) . There is a considerable difference in the prevalence and incidence of episodes of force in mental wellness scenes, depending on the states in which the surveies were carried out. A study of 4.826 nurses conducted by the American Nurses Association, 17 % reported that they have been physically assaulted, and 57 % reported that they had been abused in the last twelvemonth ( Peek-Asa, et al. , 2009 ) . Besides, merely 20 % reported that they felt safe in their current work environments. Psychiatric nurses are the highest topics of vi olent victimization rates of all types of nurses ( Islam, Edla, Mujuru, Doyle, & A ; Ducatman, 2003 ) . In an analysis of the consequences of the Assaulted Staff Action Programme ( ASAP ) that persists for 15 old ages ; 1.123 mental wellness nurses ( 69.58 % ) were victims of force by patients. They were the topics of physical ( 85.32 % ) , sexual ( 1.18 % ) , gestural bullying ( 1.67 % ) , and ( 6.01 % ) assaults. 46.34 % of injures were soft tissue contusions, 10.16 % were caput and dorsum hurts, 5.76 % were bone/tendon/ligament injures, 12.39 % were unfastened lesions, abrasions, or ptyalizing incidents, 1.8 % were abdominal lesions, and 18.65 % were psychological fear. 36.69 % were mild injures, 31.52 % were moderate, and 14.13 % serious and intense ( Flannery, Farley, Rego, & A ; Walker, 2007 ) . A study in psychiatric establishments in Switzerland reported that 70 % per centum of nurses reported being physically attacked at least one time in their calling ( Needham, et al. , 2 004 ) . A multiregional survey of nursing staff members from acute psychiatric scenes showed that 76 % of the participants reported that they were assaulted at least one time ( Peek-Asa, et al. , 2009 ) . In a survey in Iran, verbal maltreatment was experienced by 87.4 % of nurses during a 6-month period, and physical force by 27.6 % during the same period of clip ( Shogi, Sanjari, Shirazi, Heidari, Salemi, & A ; Mirzabeigi, 2008 ) . The most frequent and most terrible signifiers of verbal maltreatment reported were judging and knocking, impeaching and blaming, and opprobrious choler ( Kisa, 2008 ) . In one Arabic survey, a national cross sectional study was conducted in Kuwait to document the prevalence and determiners of force against nurses in health care installations. 48 % of nurses experient verbal force ; and 7 % merely experienced physical injury over the old six months ( Adib, Al-Shatti, Kamal, El-Gerges, & A ; Al-Raqem, 2002 ) . Another Arabic survey in Bahrain, Hamadeh and co-workers found the mean assault rate on nurses is 4.4 % . ( Hamadeh, Al Alaiwat, Al Ansari, 2003 ) . No similar surveies were conducted in Jordan. However, this high consequences may be an emergent index of the intensifying tendency in Jordan and other Arabic states because of their similar Arabic civilization to Kuwait and Bahrain. Epidemiologic surveies were recommended to carry on to find the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon in Jordanian wellness attention scenes and particularly in mental 1s. Despite the high prevalence of force Acts of the Apostless toward nurses, merely 20 % of violent incidents are reported by nurses. This is due to staff being accustomed to force ; peer force per unit area non to describe ; differential coverage based on gender of the victim, fright of incrimination ; inordinate paper work ; and incomplete or invalid information on studies completed by individuals non witness to the event ( Crilly, Chaboyer, & A ; Creedy, 2004 ) . This job should besides be addressed in future surveies to look into its causes and to work out it. The Victim Nurses are normally the topics of force victimization. However, Other mental wellness attention professionals such as doctors and physical therapists are besides at a considerable of violent Acts of the Apostless ( Stubbs & A ; Dickens, 2009 ) . This paper addressed nurses merely as topics of victimization from psychiatric and mentally sick patients. Psychiatric patients assaults on nurses victims are a world-wide occupational job. There is singular consistence in victim features over clip ( Flannery, Juliano, Cronin, & A ; Walker, 2006 ) . Work force nurses were exposed to more maltreatment than adult females ( Shagi, et al. , 2008 ) . However, there is an inconsistent determination in the literature placing whether males or females are more violence-prone ( Camerino, Estryn-Behar, Conway, Der Heijden, & A ; Hasselhorn, 2008 ) . The hazard of sing maltreatment was higher in nurses with more occupation experience or who worked more hours ( Shagi et al. ) . On the other manus, a longitudinal cohort survey showed that younger nurses with less occupation experiences are at increased hazard force ( Camerino et al. , 2008 ) . However, exposure to force was non significantly associated with age, gender, continuance of employment in nurses working in kid and adolescent psychiatric units ( Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, & A ; Scott, 2010 ) . Having a lower occupation rubric ( air or practical nurse ) , being in closer contact with patients, holding particular personality traits, utilizing drug or intoxicant, describing utmost weariness, may take to higher hazards for aggression and torment at the workplace ( Cooper & A ; Swanson, 2002 ) . Nachreiner et Al, agree with Copper & A ; Swanson on that LPNs an increased hazard for both physical assault and non-physical force compared to RNs ( Nachreiner et al, 2007 ) . Violent incidents are frequently related to the low consciousness of nurses about the equal curative communicating accomplishments in covering with patients ( Cooper & A ; Swanson, 2002 ) . Perceptions & A ; attitudes of nurses on patients ‘ violent incidents in psychiatric scenes are extensively studied in the literature. Psychiatric nurses attitudes are different across states ( Jansen, Middel, Dassen, & A ; Reijneveld, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to some nurses force is perceived as dysfunctional/undesirable. Whereas in others, force is perceived as a functional comprehensible phenomenon ( Abderhalden et al. , 2002 ) . 97 % of participants believed that covering with aggressive behavior was a portion of work in mental wellness inmate unit ( Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, & A ; Scott, 2010 ) . In the same survey, 69.7 % of participants believed that the current degree of physical aggression in the ward was unacceptable, whereas merely 12 % study that it was acceptable, and the others reported feelings of uncertainness ( Dean et al, 2010 ) . They rationalize that by recognize that staff with more positive attitudes exhibited lower province anxiousness. There are neg ative attitudes of nursing pupils ‘ to violent incidents, and these attitudes are deteriorated over clip ( Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, & A ; Carr-Walker, 2007 ) . The perceptual experience of aggression graduated table ( POAS ) is a freshly developed attitude stock list measuring nurses ‘ attitude toward aggressive patients ( Palmstierna & A ; Barredal, 2006 ) . Consequences of violent incidents on nurses were besides extensively investigated in the literature. Responses to violence encompassed three major classs associating to physical emotional and professional impact ( Dean, et al. , 2010 ) . They found that physical hurts divided to: direct hurts from the violent incidents, hurts while implementing restrictive intercessions, and physical symptoms such as concern and musculus tenseness ( Dean, et al. ) . Major physical hurts were on the caput, the bole, the upper and lower appendages ( Langsrud, Linakker, & A ; Morken, 2007 ) . Ongoing mental weariness, emphasis, daze, weakness, choler, exposure, feelings of being emotionally drained, dying, impaired slumber and concentration were all emotional responses of nurses as a consequence of being violent ( Dean, et al. ) . Nurses besides respond with the undermentioned emotions and behaviors: defeat, desperation, hopelessness, substance maltreatment, absenteeism, revenge and the development of à ¢â‚¬Å" I do non care † attitude ( Bimenyimana, Poggenpoel, Myburgh, & A ; Niekerk, 2009 ) . The consequences of verbal maltreatment or force by patients, frequently result in a terrible psychological impact in nurses ( Inoue, Tsukano, Muraoka, Kaneko, and Okamara, 2006 ) . The most common emotional reaction to force was anger, followed by shame, humiliation and defeat ( Kisa, 2008 ) . The Perpetrator Violence is common among persons come ining mental & A ; substance maltreatment words. Episodes of force on psychiatric wards have been extensively studied, with one of the chief purposes being to place who is more likely to be violent during hospitalization. However, it is hard to find that, because force is a complex behavior links with a assortment of biological, psychopathic, and societal factors. 15-years survey concludes that older male patients with schizophrenic disorder and younger personality-disordered patients are bad attackers ( Flannery, Juliano, Cronin & A ; Walker, 2006 ) . Antisocial personality upset poses a great hazard for force among adult females than work forces ( Yang & A ; Coid, 2007 ) . Anxiety upsets and any personality upset are more terrible among violent adult females ; alcohol dependance and risky imbibing are more terrible among violent work forces ( Yang & A ; Coid ) . In a recent literature, Cornaggia and co-workers found that the psychiatric diagnosing most often associated with aggressive behavior is paranoid schizophrenic disorder. As patients with paranoid schizophrenic disorder retain sufficient ability to program and commit Acts of the Apostless of force related to their psychotic beliefs ( Cornaggia, Beghi, Pavone, & A ; Barale, 2011 ) . Higher degrees of hostility-suspiciousness predict the deterioration of the form of force ( Amore et al. , 2008 ) . Persecutory psychotic beliefs appear to increase hazard of force in some patients ; accompaniment of persecutory psychotic beliefs and emotional hurt may increase the hazard of force ( Bjorkly, 2006 ) . Lower societal category of beginning, piquing behavior in the parental coevals loss of the male parent, a new partnership of the staying parent, turning up in blended households promoted the development of piquing behavior in general ( Stompe, et al. , 2006 ) . Past history of force toward others, & A ; substance maltreatment upsets are risk factors for future force ( Flannery, Julliano, Cronin, & A ; Walker ) . Past history remains the most consistent and stable forecaster of future force ( Amore et al. , 2008 ) . Dual diagnosed patients with substance maltreatment upsets and bipolar sample have more violent Acts of the Apostless ( Grunebaum, et al. , 2006 ) . Black and minority ethnic are more frequently perceived as potentially violent to others ( Vinkers, Vries, Van B aars, & A ; Mulder, 2009 ) . Internalizing symptoms and affectional responsiveness contributed to aggression badness more than impulsivity and demographics ( Kolko, Baumann, Bukstein, & A ; Brown, 2007 ) . Even the month of birth of patients is considered a hazard factor of violent behavior ( Cailhol, et al. , 2009 ) . Repeatedly violent patients had a higher length of residence, a higher figure of old violent behaviors ( Grassi, et al. , 2006 ) . A past history of head hurt with loss of consciousness was more frequent among persistently physically aggressive patients ( Amore, et al. , 2007 ) . Appraisal Many surveies besides discussed high hazard kids in the literature. Aggression appears associated with a broad assortment of normally psychiatric upsets in kids ( Connor & A ; McLaughlin, 2006 ) . Children of bipolar parents are at high hazard of ill will, aggression, force ( Farchione, et al. , 2007 ) . Adolescent behavior upset patients are more likelihood to be violent ( Ilomak, Viilo, Hakko, Marttunen, Makkikyro, & A ; Rasanen, 2006 ) . Children with larning disablements who had a comorbid psychopathology diagnoses reported a significantly higher sum of equal victimization than kids without a cormobid psychiatric disease ( Baumeister, Sterch, & A ; Geffken, 2007 ) . Many other consequences showed consequences opposed to what cognize. Foley and co-workers found that force at presentation with first-episode psychosis is non associated with continuance of untreated psychosis ( Foley, Browne, Clarke, Kinsella, Larkin, & A ; O`Callagham, 2007 ) . No significant grounds support the relation between penetration and force hazard ( Bjorkly, 2006 ) . The Scene The scene of force victimization against the psychiatric nurses by psychiatric and mentally sick patients is the psychiatric scenes. The construction of the scene can arouse the manifestation of force ( Steffgen, 2008 ) . Besides, environmental design have been demonstrated to discourage force ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Inadequate staffing degrees and deficiency of chances for clients to take part in therapy may arouse force behavior ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . The function of uncertainness refering occupation stableness represent a insouciant factor Besides, deficiency of occupation security may do violent behaviour The absence of societal support and colleagues increases the hazard of nurses in this scene to physical and verbal force ( Steffgen ) . The happening of workplace force may do harm to both the person and the establishments. Organizations may confront increased absenteeism, ill leave, belongings harm, decreased public presentation and productiveness, security costs, judicial proceeding , worker ‘s compensation, and increasing turnover rates ( Jackson, Clare, & A ; Mannix, 2002 ) . Prevention Previous nursing literature suggested a figure of schemes that can be considered by nurses to forestall force. There is limited research on effectual intercessions to forestall patient force ( Kling, Yassi, Smailes, Lovato, & A ; Koehoorn, 2010 ) . However, neglecting to accept and implement preventative steps in psychiatric scenes has an impact to cut down force in these scenes ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Improved coverage may be of large benefit of cut downing physical force ( Nolan & A ; Citrome, 2007 ) . This may be occur by early acknowledgment and intercession of potentially happening violent incidents in the hereafter. After carry oning the Violence Prevention Community Meeting ( VPCM ) , a important lessening in patients force were found across twenty-four hours, eventide and dark displacement for pre-treatment vs. intervention and pre-treatment vs. station intervention comparings. VPCM is a semi-structured protocol for the intent of force bar ( Lanza, Rierdan, Forester, & A ; Zeiss, 2009 ) . Early acknowledgment has strong practical deductions for psychiatric nurses by assisting them to help patients with the sensing of early warning marks. Early acknowledgment is pay particular attending to the early societal and interpersonal factors that may deteriorate the patient behavior to violent one ( Fluttert, Meijel, Webster, Nijman, Bartels, & A ; Grypdonck, 2008 ) . Steffgen identified many preventive steps of workplace force such as: steps refering the physical environment, measures refering the direction of the organisations and the behavior of the members in the organisations, policies, reding and developing steps ( Steffgen, 2008 ) . A 6-module plan have been shown to be effectual in cut downing and forestalling violent incidents in a 6-months rating period. The 6 faculties were approximately force hazard appraisal, theoretical theoretical accounts of force, self-asserting preparation, ethical & A ; legal issues of force direction ( Anderson, 2006 ) . Dubin et al identified six gilded recommendations to forestall force incidents in psychiatric exigencies. First, all freshly admitted patients should be assessed for hazard of force ; those who have risk factors should be continually assessed. Second, nurses should avoid measuring and/or handling patients at hazard for force alone or in an stray office. Third, nurses must retrieve that patient ‘s force is a response to feelings of weakness, passiveness, and perceived or existent humiliation ; therefore nurses should avoid going verbally or physically towards them. Fourth, nurses are supposed to utilize non-coercive methods such as de-escalation to forestall escalation of patients ‘ aggression. Fifth, bound scene should ever offer the patient two options with one option being the preferable option. Sixth, an armed patient should non be threatened and the clinician should react in a non-threatening mode offering aid and apprehension. Finally, rating of environment safety sh ould happen sporadically and alterations should be implemented that will heighten safety ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William, 2009 ) . Appraisal The first measure in mental nursing procedure and one of the most of import responsibilities in psychiatric scenes is assessment. Psychiatric nurses are faced with a great figure of state of affairss in which hazard appraisal are needed. Risk appraisal is a procedure concerned with a assortment of issues aa‚ ¬ † hazard for what, when, where, and to whom-not merely the were â€Å" Prediction † of future force ( Haggard-Grann, 2007 ) . Predicting force has been compared to calculating the conditions. Like a good conditions predictor, the nurse does non province with certainty that an event will happen. Alternatively, he/she estimates the likeliness that a future event will happen. Like conditions prediction, anticipations of future force will non ever be right ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . Three major types of force hazard appraisal are extensively reviewed in the literature. The three types are: ( 1 ) Clinical force hazard appraisal, ( 2 ) Structural hazard appr aisal tools, ( 3 ) Functional appraisal. The figure of hazard appraisal instruments has increased in the recent old ages ( Haggard-Grann ) . Risk appraisal tools should include situational facets, behavioral forms, and predicted events or stressors ( Haggard-Grann ) . The first measure when finding which instrument to utilize for a specific hazard appraisal is to find the intent and context for which the instrument is needed ( Haggard-Grann ) . Decision should be made sing whether the appraisal is for the first clip ( to divide the extremely hazard patients from others ) or for uninterrupted on-going appraisal ( Haggard-Grann ) . If adopted in clinical pattern with a professional manner, these instruments will so help in the appraisal and early acknowledgment of violent incidents. However, they are ineluctable portion in the clinical pattern in psychiatric scenes. ( Haggard-Grann ) . Awareness of the bounds and abilities of such instruments is required. Lurigio and Harris underscored the importance of executing more accurat e appraisal tools that can for illustration determine the approaching type of force, or the likeliness of arms use ( Lurigio & A ; Harris, 2009 ) . A hazard appraisal tool chiefly contains two types of factors: inactive and dynamic. Dynamic factors are of a great importance in a determination context whereas inactive factors are at less importance. Dynamic factors should be assessed on a regular basis in a structured clip agenda ( ex. every 1 hour ) . ( Haggard-Grann ) . Inactive variables are based on intrapersonal factors ( ex. , personal & A ; biological features ) that served as hazards factors for a patient to be potentially violent in the hereafter. ( Haggad-Grann ) . Many violent hazard appraisal tools were developed for the purpose to measure the violent incidents in psychiatric scenes. Sexual Aggression graduated table is an effectual appraisal tool to enter consistently the happening of sexually aggressive behaviors for patients who reside in psychiatric infirmaries. ( Jones, Sheitman, Hazelrigg, Camel, Williams, & A ; Paesler, 2007 ) . It is a brief scale consists of 4 bombers graduated tables with a brief description of them. The Alert System is a system includes a hazard appraisal signifier used by nursing staff to buttocks patients upon admittance to the psychiatric scene in order to place these at an increased hazard of force ( Kling, et Al. , 2010 ) . If identified as at hazard for force, a flag is placed on the patient ‘s chart and wristband to incorporate staff of a patient ‘s potency for force ( Kling et Al ) . The warning is intended to let workers to take safeguards to forestall violent incidents in flagged patients. These safeguards may include: have oning a personal dismay, being near a security personals, non holding crisp objects in the patient ‘s room, and non come ining the patient ‘s room entirely ( Kling et Al ) . Study consequences indicate that the Alert System is effectual in placing potentially violent patients. However, the ultimate end of implementing the Alert System is to cut down the hazard of violent incidents ( Kling et Al ) . Hazard for in-patient force in acute psychiatric intensive unit can be a high grade be predicted by nurses utilizing the Broset force checklist ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna, 2006 ) . The BVC is a method to foretell hazard for force from patients within the coming 24 hour in acute psychiatric inmate scenes ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . BVC is used to measure the patient three times day-to-day: in the forenoon, midday, and dark displacements ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . The BVC buttocks absence or presence of six behaviors: confusion, boisterousness, crossness, verbally, endangering, physically endangering and assailing object ( Bjorkdahl, Olsson, & A ; Palmstierna ) . The HCR-20 is a structured professional checklist designed for the appraisal of hazard hereafter force in patients with violent history / or a major mental upset or personality upsets. ( De Vogel & A ; De Ruter, 2006 ) . The HCR-20 consists of 20 points, divided into three subscales: historical graduated table, clinical graduated table, and hazard direction graduated table. The prognostic cogency of the HCR-20 was good ( De Vogel & A ; De Ruiter ) . The Forensic Early Warning Signs of Aggression Inventory ( FESA ) was developed to help nurses and patients in placing and supervising early warning marks of aggression in forensic patients ( Fluttert, Meijel, Leeuwen, Bjorkly, Nijman, & A ; Grypdonck, 2011 ) . The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire contains 56-items step a figure of knowledge ( including: beliefs, regulations, deformations and ascriptions ) that are related to force ( Warnock-Parkes, Gudjonsson, & A ; Walker, 2007 ) . The Psychopathy Checklist ( PCL ) is a clinical evaluation graduated table designed to mensurate psychopathologic properties in mentally sick patients, Patients who score higher have higher rates of violent recidivism ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . The PCL uses a semi-structured interview, case-history information, and specific standards to rate each of 20 points on a three- point graduated table ( 0, 1, 2 ) . ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Entire tonss ( runing from 0 to 40 ) reflect an estimation of the grade to which the patient lucifers psychopathy ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide ( VRAG ) is a hazard appraisal instrument of 12 points. It is likely the most well-known assessment instrument aimed to measure dangerousness in bad mentally sick patients. It is used to measure the force hazard in psychiatric and other wellness scenes ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . It is constructed by taking variables known to foretell violent behavior among work forces with mental upsets who have records of old violent behavior so sum uping the variables into one strategy ( Haggard-Grann, 2007 ) . Synergistic Classification Tree is a recent tool for measuring the force hazard of patients discharged from psychiatric installations ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . This tool utilizes a sequence of inquiries related to hazard factors for possible force ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Harmonizing to the replies, another related inquiry is posed, until the platinum is classified into a class of high or low hazard of future force ( Scott & A ; Resnick ) . Structured hazard appraisal tools have built-in restriction when used entirely. Criticisms of instruments include the undermentioned: they provide lone estimates of hazards ; their usage is non generalizable beyond the studied populations: they are stiff, and they fail to inform force bar & A ; hazard direction ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . Functional appraisal attacks seek to clear up the factors responsible for the development, look and care of job behavior. This is achieved through appraisal of the behavior of involvement, the person ‘s predisposing features, and the antecedent events, considered of import for the induction of the behavior, and the effects of the behavior, which maintain and direct its developmental class ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff, 2007 ) . They identify 9 common maps of violent behavior in psychiatric scenes in the literature: demand turning away, to coerce conformity, to show choler, to cut down tenseness, to obtain tangibles, societal distance decrease ( attending seeking ) , to heighten position or societal blessing, conformity with direction, to detect agony ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff ) . Functional appraisal have many deductions for the anticipation and bar of inpatient force and for the intervention of violent patients. The differentiation of functional appraisal attacks and structured appraisal tools is that the first stress the right categorization of the signifier of a peculiar behavior and the other one emphasize the intent of the behavior ( Daffern, Howells, & A ; Ogloff ) . The clinical hazard appraisal method is the oldest method of force hazard appraisal. It is the classical method of anticipating, foretelling, and assessing of hazard. This means that the nurse gathers the information that he or she believes to be utile and on the footing of that information makes a judgement of the hazard ( Haggad-Grann, 2007 ) . Unfortunately, this method can non foretell future force with high truth. The truth of a clinician ‘s appraisal of future force is related to many factors, including the fortunes of the rating and the length of clip over which force is predicted ( Scott & A ; Resnick, 2006 ) . It is the most common method of measuring force hazard in psychiatric scenes in Jordan although it is non used so much over the universe. Management Many direction methods of force were reported in the literature. Three major direction methods were extensively reviewed in the literature: ( 1 ) Training programmes, ( 2 ) Coercive methods, and ( 3 ) De-escalation techniques. Nurses believed that preparation in breaking away techniques, increasing the figure of trained security officers on responsibility, publishing personal dismaies, and encouraging staff to officially describe all incidents, are the best ways to pull off force in psychiatric scenes ( Erkol, Gokdogan, Erkol, & A ; Boz, 2007 ) . Previous researches suggest that staff attitudes to patient force affect usage, or pick of method ( Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, & A ; Carr-Walker, 2007 ) . It is of import that nurses have the cognition and accomplishments to be able to pull off force suitably. Many different developing programmes have been discussed in the literature. There is much variableness among surveies on the types and effectivity of preparation, and there is no unequivocal grounds that developing cut down hurt among wellness attention workers ( Wassell, 2009 ) . Good communicating among nursing staff, and between staff and clients, is critical to better the direction of aggressive behavior ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Chandler- Oatts and Nestrop recommend listening to the voices of mental wellness service users to develop guideline recommendations on pull offing violent behaviors ( Chandler-Oatts & A ; Nestrop, 2008 ) . Anger direction programmes were effectual to advance anger look and direction in psychiatric patients ( Son & A ; Choi, 2010 ) . Aggression Control Therapy ( ACT ) , a intervention programme developed in the Netherlands for violent psychiatric patients with behavior upsets or antisocial personality upset. Consequences suggested that ACT diminished aggressive behavior ( Hornsveld, Nijman, & A ; Kraaimaat, 2008 ) . Firearm hurt bar preparation should be proposed in order to assist bar piece self-destructions and homicides among the mentally sick ( Khubchandani, Wiblishauser, Price, & A ; Thompson, 2010 ) . Training in the acknowledgment and direction of violent and aggressive behavior would be a good add-on to the course of study of nursing programmes ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens, 2009 ) . Aggression direction preparation is able to better nursing pupil ‘s public presentation in de-escalating aggressive behavior ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens ) . Giving nursing pupil ‘s cognition about force and related subjects and developing them on physical and verbal accomplishments lead to extremely important enhanced assurance in pull offing force ( Nau, Dassen, Halfens, & A ; Needham, 2007 ) . De-escalation is a bar of extremely aroused patients from going violent by agencies of verbal and gestural communicating ( Paterson, Turnbull, & A ; Aitken, 1992 ) . Nurses need to cognize how to de-escalate the state of affairss of force. The De-escalating Aggressive Behaviour Scale ( DABS ) can observe alterations in de-escalation public presentation degrees ( Nau, Dassen, Needham, & A ; Halfens, 2009 ) . De-escalation involves a figure of different techniques. Affect direction for illustration involves three basic stairss: foremost, admiting the patient ‘s affect ; secondly, formalizing the affect when appropriate ; and eventually, promoting the patient to speak about his or her feelings. ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William, 2009 ) . Active listening techniques such as paraphrasing are used in de-escalation to assist clinician convey apprehension of patient ‘s experience ( Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, & A ; William ) . Massage therapy has immediate good effects on anx iousness related steps and may be a utile de-escalating tool for cut downing emphasis, anxiousness and possible force in acutely hospitalized psychiatric patients ( Garner, et al. , 2008 ) . Comfort suites are suites constructed in acute psychiatric units. They designed with comfy furniture, comforting colorss, soft lightening, and quiet music to assist cut down patient`s degrees of emphasis ( Cummings, Grandfield, & A ; Coldwell, 2010 ) . Coercive methods include mainly privacy and restraints. Restraints are any manual method, physical or mechanical device, stuff, or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to travel his or her weaponries, legs, organic structure, or caput freely ; or a drug or medicine ( Paterson, Turnbull, & A ; Aitken, 1992 ) . There was greater blessing of coercive methods in direction of force by male nurses than female nurses. Male nurses are more likely to see containment methods acceptable and dignified ( Muir-Cochrane, Bowers, & A ; Jeffery, 2008 ) . Greater consideration should be given to cultural and gender issues in restraint incidents ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Training in restraint techniques and how to avoid the usage of restraint is indispensable in nursing pattern ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . However, Bjorkdahl and co-workers found an increased rate of coercive intercessions without a corresponding addition in staff hurts after a 2 twelvemonth force bar intercession a psychiatric intensive attention unit. The intercession aimed to better nursing attention by turn toing patient force from multiple positions ( Bjorkdahl, Heilig, Palmstierna, & A ; Hansebo, 2007 ) . Privacy is defined as physical parturiency of a patient entirely in a room for the protection of others from serious injury ( Davison, 2005 ) . Privacy is used as a regular footing in response to a scope of different signifiers of violent behavior of different signifiers ( Thomas, Daffern, Martin, Ogloff, Thomson, & A ; Ferguson, 2009 ) . Privacy is considered a curative step for nurses working in psychiatric scenes ( Larue, Dumais, Ahern, Bernheim, & A ; Mailhot, 2009 ) . However, Davison asserts that privacy must ne'er used as a portion of a intervention program of violent patients, and it must utilize merely as a last resort ( Davison ) . If de-escalation techniques are failed, the violent patient may necessitate to be placed in privacy ( Dickinson, Ramsdale, & A ; Speight, 2009 ) . Many jobs may ensue from utilizing coercive methods such as act uponing patients` determination to seek out professional mental wellness services. ( Prospero & A ; Kim, 2009 ) . Besides, they suggest that coercion has a differential negative consequence on victims from minority groups. ( Prospero & A ; Kim ) . Furthermore, memories of violent events, including childhood maltreatment and colza, were reawakened by their experiences of restraints and privacy ( Sturrock, 2010 ) . Recommendations The followerss are recommendations for pattern, research, and policy have been established from the literature: Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses must be cognizant of the being of violent behaviors against them in their clinical scenes. They have to cognize that this behavior is ineluctable portion in their work. So, they have to be well-prepared to cover with such state of affairss. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses must be cognizant of the differences of many types and signifiers of violent Acts of the Apostless. Besides, future nursing surveies should distinguish between these types and signifiers. Nurses must be cognizant of the intensifying tendency of violent behaviors in their clinical scenes. Surveies and epidemiological surveies should carry on on Jordan to find the prevalence of this job in Jordanian wellness attention scenes. High hazardous nurses of patients ‘ force should place themselves harmonizing to the literature. If they are known to be hazardous, particular considerations should be taken by them and their establishments where they are work to guarantee the optimum safety of them. Negative, false perceptual experiences and attitudes of nurses to violent patients and violent incidents should be addressed with more inside informations in the nursing literature. The job of countertransference should be addressed by developing programmes or awareness Sessionss conducted by the establishments in the attempt to extinguish these negative feelings and attitudes or at least cut down it. Lending factors of nurses ‘ perceptual experiences and attitudes should besides be considered by farther surveies. Negative effects of violent incidents on nurses should besides be addressed and studied more in nursing literature. Although, it is extensively investigated in the literature, the literature did non suggest assuring methods to cut down theses negative effects. Undergraduate and alumnus nursing pupils ‘ exposure to force in their clinical preparation should be discussed in more inside informations in future nursing literature. Their perceptual experiences, attitudes, feelings, and emotions towards violent experiences should be investigated more. Health establishment should develop policies, addition available nursing staff, addition security forces to guarantee the optimal safety for nursing pupil trainee. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses should place and acknowledge the high hazardous culprits ( patients ) harmonizing to the literature. For that cause, they should be updated with the latest findings in this field. Nurses should non besides neglect the interpersonal and environmental factors for triping the violent incidents. Violent kids and repeatedly violent patients are two particular populations should be paid more attending from the nursing literature. Nursing literature should turn to specific intercessions force in these two particular populations. Underreporting of force in psychiatric scenes is a major job. Nurses should be encouraged to describe incidents of force. High hazardous establishments and scenes have to be cognizant of the intensifying tendency of violent Acts of the Apostless. They have to be well-prepared for this. They should follow policies, developing programmes for their staff, and other suited step to confront this challenging job. An ounce of bar is worth a lb of attention. This adage besides applicable in the force. So, establishments should follow a successful bar steps to forestall this malignancy to travel frontward. Nurses should follow an attack incorporating the three major types of appraisal in their appraisal procedure. Clinical hazard appraisal, structured hazard appraisal tools, and fictional appraisal. Such an attack, may cover shortages in any individual method of appraisal. Structured hazard appraisal tools should be carefully and sagely. Nurses should be cognizant the bounds and abilities of such instruments to take the best on the footing of context. Psychiatric wellness attention establishments should develop its nursing staff on de-escalation techniques, breakaway techniques, and coercive methods. Psychiatric and mental wellness nurses should utilize the least restricts method when covering with violent patients. Further surveies should be conducted to suggest more successful de-escalation techniques and to happen new options of coercive methods. Decision The lifting rate of force against nurses in wellness attention scenes in Jordan motives the writer to compose this commentary paper. The purpose of this paper is to supply a general apprehension of the whole image of force against nurses in psychiatric scenes. First, methods of seeking the literature were described. Then, Definitions of many types and signifiers of force were provided. Besides, related constructs were described and differentiated from the construct â€Å" force † . However, â€Å" force † and â€Å" aggression † are two footings used interchangeably in this paper. Recent epidemiology surveies were reviewed to reflect on the high incidence and prevalence of force in psychiatric scenes over the universe. The paper design compared the â€Å" force † with the â€Å" offense † . The culprit of this offense is the psychiatric or mentally sick patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental wellness nurse. The scene where the offense occurred is the psychiatric scene. This paper identified who is more likely to be the victim of violent Acts of the Apostless in psychiatric scenes, perceptual experiences and attitudes of nurses on patients ‘ violent incidents, and effects of such incidents on the nurses. This paper besides identified who is more likely to be the culprit of violent Acts of the Apostless harmonizing to the literature. Repeatedly violent patients and high hazard kids were besides included. The high hazard psychiatric scenes were described as the sludge of violent incidents. Prevention of violent incidents by many new methods was besides addressed. Appraisal of violent incidents is besides addressed in its three major types: the clinical hazard appraisal, the structured hazard appraisal tools, and the functional appraisal. Most well-known structured hazard appraisal tools were besides overviewed. Finally, direction of force incidents one time occurred is besides reviewed. Three major direction methods were included: ( 1 ) Training plans, ( 2 ) Coercive methods: privacy and restraints, and ( 3 ) De-escalation techniques.