Family Story Essay Example for Free

Family Story EssayJayla had a difficult kidskinhood that kept her busy. She was an African American girl living with a working class family. She had problems with her family which even increased when her parents refused to buy her vegetarian meals. She just didnt like the taste of meat. She had a child at 16 and was forced to raise the child on her ingest. It was an untimely pregnancy like 88% of teen births in the US. When she was 14, she thought she had found the roll in the hay of her life in a classmate of hers named Jaylin. She thought that he would help he forget about the troubled relationship with her parents which she had formerly tried by using alcohol.These risk factors increased the chance that she would get engaged in early sex. The relationship was not as great as she had thought. It showed the exchange guess when her boyfri annul paid less costs in the relationship and got more(prenominal)(prenominal) rewards which was the opposite for Jayla. This caused her to have dependency issues with him. One of the rewards for Jaylin was sex. Jayla had sex because of a threat to end the relationship because she grew so attached to him that she would rather have sex than have him leave her.They only used barriers like condoms to protect her against pregnancy. She didnt have as untold of a problem with having it later a while because she was told by her parents if she was going to have sex to use protection which is common for most parents. Their attitudes present the permissiveness with affection category of Ira Reiss four categories. In August Jaya gave birth to her daughter who she named Rain because the rain was the only thing that seemed to calm her implement after a long fight with her parents.This do Rain a part of the 39. % of unmarried births in the US. After Rain was born, it didnt get much easier for Jayla. Her mother had forced her to take care of the child on her own without any help from other family. She was forced to drop out o f high nurture to take care of Rain. Shortly after giving birth, Jaylin left because he said it was too much work for him to be a father. This left Jayla devastated and do her one of the 9. 9 million single mothers in the US. She faced responsibility overload trying to have enough money to pay for Rains needs as a child.She also had to contend with emotional overload because she didnt have enough time to focus on her own needs. She dealt with proletariat overload because she had to do the work of two parents almost by herself. She started going to church with Rain which is where she lost her dependency issues and it helped her refrain from sexual activity. This also made her mind more expressive which is the norm for females. Aidens childhood was also troubled. He was an only child who lived with a fairly wealthy family. His parents focused more on their work than they did on him.Also the family was moving constantly from place to place because of his fathers job. Aiden never had enough time to make make full friendships with mass because of this frequent moving around. Both of these factors caused him to develop emotional privacy which is fewer intimate relationships than desired. This loneliness made him focus on people and their re natural processs which kindle him. His mind mainly focused on logic and reasoning which is the average for males. When he went to college he started his studies in sociology to continue his interest in the interactions between people.This loneliness went away during college when he started going to church and interacted with fellow Christians. This church was where he met Jayla. When Jayla and Aiden met, they some(prenominal) could feel a connection between them. It helped their growing relationship that they were both androgynous which means they take on both feminine and masculine traits. This is because it increased their intimacy with more love, affection, and attachment to one another. They got married two and a hal f years after they started dating. This early marriage is quite rare nowadays.Their gender roles in the family skewed some from traditional views. Both of them helped raised the children, worked for a living, and took care of the trailer. The fact that both of the parents worked made it unlike a monolithic family. Jayla wanted to extend the family early because she wanted to have children while she had healthy ballock and have more energy to keep up with them. Her fertility was better because she was a vegetarian so it increased by eating proteins from plants and not animals. Eleven months after they were married Jayla gave birth to her second child, a baby boy named Kyle.Their relationship didnt come without its parcel out of problems. A while into their relationship they noticed people border patrolling against them. People were treating them like they were abnormal just because they were an interracial couple. Their relationship seemed even more abnormal because it was a white man with a saturnine woman. Later on, Aiden was arrested for assault on Jaylas supervisor for sexually harassing her. Her supervisor was not charged with anything because harassment is in the eye of the beholder and co-workers saw no harm in what the supervisor was doing.They just believed that Aiden was overreacting. Even worse, he lost his job as a researcher at a local university because of that. Fortunately, Jayla had realised her GED a month before this happened and was starting a full-time job to replace her part-time one. While Aiden was looking for a job, the systems theory started showing in the family. The family could not go eat out as much, everyone had to eat less expensive food, be careful how many resources they used, and buy fewer luxuries.Early in their marriage while Kyle was still very young Jayla and Aiden had intimacy problems because they forgot that they were partners before they were parents. (Pierce) They had gotten so caught up in taking care of their chi ldren that they lost sight of their own relationship with one another. They overcame this obstacle after a while. Despite their problems, Jayla and Aiden grew even closer together. They lived in what Levinger described as a full-shell marriage that was fulfilling and strong. They showed the symbolic interaction theory by being able to interpret each others verbal and non-verbal symbols to one another.For example, they knew when each other was in the mood by Aiden wanting to go to bed early and Jayla twisting her hair around her finger and constantly looking at Aiden with a smile. They would have the occasional argument, however it never became anything serious. Their arguments were never seen as a problem because it is a myth that a happily married couple doesnt have conflict. They indulged in what they didnt have in common as much as what they had in common. They were both surprised by how different their dreams were. Aidens dreams were more like action films while Jaylas focused more on love and family.It made for very interesting conversations in their day-to-day lives. Raising children and getting older be some adventures of its own. Both children were raised in the normal behaviors for their sex. Rain was given dolls to play with including baby dolls allowed her to pretend to be a mother. Kyle, on the other hand, was support to play outside and his scrapes and bruises were not treated like a big deal which toughened him up. Conflict from within the family expanded with grandchildren because, as Durkheim says, it had become more heterogeneous.The family became more of a group of diverse individuals. Jayla was disappointed that Rain had a child before getting married which is a risk factor for a child born to a teen mother. Jayla was relieved that the father stayed with her and eventually married her. As they got even older, Aiden had to start using Viagra because his refractory period of time was getting to be too long that he could not have sex with J ayla as frequently as they both wanted. Though they both had their share of problems, they had a very long and successful marriage. Both of them lived well into their eighties, happy and in love.

José Rizals University Years Essay Example for Free

Jos Rizals University Years EssayFortunately, Rizals first romance, with its bitter disillusionment,did not adversely affect his studies in the University of Santo Tomas.His love for higher precept proved to be greater than his love for apretty girl. After finishing the first year of the quarrel in Philosophy andLetters (1877-780), he transferred to a medical course. During theyear of his studies in the university, which was under the Dominicans,rival education of the Jusuits, he remained loyal to Ateneo, where hecontinued to participate in extra curricular activities and where hecompleted the education course in surveying. As a Thomasian, he wonmore literary laurels, had more romances with girls, and foughtagainst Spanish students. Mothers vista to higher education.After graduation withthe highest position in Ateneo, Rizal had to go the University of Santo Tomas in order to prepare him self to a private career. The Bachelor of arts degree during Spanish times was equivalent t o a high schooldiploma today. It merely qualified its holder to enter a university. BothDon Francisco and Paciano that Jose should pursue a higher learning.But Dona Teodora did not want him to study more. Evidently she had apremonition that to much association would imperil his child life.In a family council in the Rizals home in Calamba, shevigorously objected to have her beloved Jose acquired a highereducation. She was thinking of the safety of her son. She know thefate of Filipino intellectuals-Father Burgos, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor,Jose Ma. Basa, and others of 1872-who were all executed or exiledby the Spanish authorities, and blamed their sad fate to their learning.

Structure of Water and Its Dynamic Hydrogen Bond Network

Structure of Water and Its Dynamic Hydrogen Bond webIntroductionWater is essential to life as it is main constituent of cell in living organism. All biological macro pinchs be al close to placid in its structural stability and functioning in absence of irrigate.Water-Role in LifeWater is key compound for our existence on this planet imputable to its ubiquitous presence on the earth and in living organisms. It is involved in all chemical, biological and geological processes. Due to its anomalous behavior it named as matrix of life, solvent of life. It plays a vital mathematical function from molecule and cell to tissues and organisms.1-4 In past several decades urine has attr performanceed the most scientific attention among the liquid due to its anomalous properties. It shows peculiar properties such as negative volume of melting, density maximum at 277 K, high melting and boiling point, high dielectric constant, minimum in the isobaric heat capacity and isothermal compressibi lity at 308 K and 319 K, respectively, high mobility transport for H+ and OH ions. The density of most liquids increases as it give upze but in case of weewee it expands about 11% due to which ice floats on pee. It is the solvent of life and plays an important role in protein interactions and stabilization of protein twist. The work of Kauzmann gives the importance of urine in protein folding and its interactions with wet.5Structure of Liquid WaterThe anomalous behavior of urine is due to its unequaled ability to form a network of self associated molecules through heat content nonplusing. To hit the books the organize of urine and its dynamic hydrogen bond network stupendous number of studies has been carried out.1-12 Still many aspects of water are not fully understand at molecular level. Dyke and co-workers first reported existence of H- hold fast in vapor phase experimentally and measured the H-bond length as 2.98 in water dimer using molecular beam resonance techn ique which is higher than water in solid (for ice H-bond strength 2.74 ) and liquid (2.85 ) indicates the H-bond strength is wateryer in Gas phase.13From X-ray diffraction study of Bernal and Fowler and Morgan and Warren it is revealed that water is tetrahedrally coordinated through hydrogen bonds similar to the structure of ice I (Figure 1.1). 14-15The number of theories for the water structure has been proposed based on different techniques such as X-ray, neutron diffraction, dielectric relaxation and Raman spectroscopy. 16-22. These theories are generally classified into two poses as a) Continuum stick and b) Mixture model.Figure 1.1 Crystal structure of ice I at low pressureContinuum modelIn continuum model it is assumed that almost on the whole hydrogen bonded water molecules in a continuous network. Pople described the continuum model which is agreement with the observed alteration of X-ray radial distribution function with temperature. 23According to Pople In continuous bonded network of the water bond turn and deformations occurs instead of bond water. Recently, Rice and Sceats 24proposed Random net Model (RNM), which explains the continuum model and it is further developed by Henn and Kauzmann. 25This model is apply for determining the heat capacity contribution due to water-water interactions.b) Mixture modelIn mixture model water consists of differently H-bonded species with zero, one or both hydrogens are engaged in hydrogen bonding. Franks and Wen 26 gives the Flickering thumping model in which cooperative H-bonding is observed in water molecules. The co-operativity involves the hydrogen bond formation of one bonding site of water molecule contributes the delocalization button to the molecule, which is involved in hydrogen bonding with another water molecule. According to Franks and Wen the clusters of the water molecules (bulk water) and free monomer molecules (dense water) are in equilibrium with each other. Samoilov 27 proposed the in terstitial model in which water molecules are present in the cavities of ice lattice. Nemethy and Scheraga 28 used statistical thermodynamic model to calculate the Helmholtz free energy, internal energy and entropy as a function of temperature. Also the water hydrate model proposed by Pauling. 29 Now a days, divinatory techniques such as Monto Carlo, molecular dynamic simulation are used to study structural behavior of water. It provides most promising approach for the study of water at molecular level. Jorgensen 30 has developed transferable intermolecular potential functions (TIPS) suitable for use in liquid simulations for water. This potential has been used by Jorgensen and Madura 31 in MC simulation on liquid water to study the effect of temperature on vaporization, hydrogen bonding, density, isothermal compressibility and radial distribution functions. morsel of water models such as SPC, TIP3P, TIP4P, TIP5P are developed for the molecular simulation of large biomolecular sys tems. Figure 1.2 Frank-Wen Flickering Cluster Model of Liquid Water1.2 aquaphobic Hydration and Hydrophobic InteractionsThe weak non-covalent interactions like van der Waals forces, H-bonding, ion-dipole, hydrophobic interactions are responsible for change in the structure of water around the solute molecule. The hydrophobic interaction is the giving factor in the solvation of apolar or non-polar molecule. When a non-polar solute is dissolve in water there is large negative change in entropy. The disruption in the customary H-bonded structure is occurred and new H-bonded cage-like structure is formed around the solute molecule. So the structure formed is more ordered than the ordinary water. The term hydrophobic hydration is used when non-polar solute solvated by the cage of the solvent molecule around it. The short lived aggregates are formed around the solute molecule. The formation of polymeric aggregates strengthens the hydrogen bonding which gives negative contribution to H0. 10The hydrophobic interactions are important in a field of biochemistry for the purpose of conformational stability of biological macromolecules, protein folding, aggregation, ion transport, drug delivery as well as in industry. Usually hydrophobic hydration occurs in non-polar compounds such as alcohols, ethers, and amines. The tetraalkylammonium (TAA) salts with larger cation also shows the hydrophobic hydration effect. Kustov gives the effect of size of cation on the hydrophobic hydration. He study the proper(postnominal) heat of solution for the higher size cation TAA salts and observed that as the size of cation in salt increases the particular(prenominal) heat of solution and hydration increases upto the tetrapentylammonium salts and then decreases. As the specific heat of solution increases the hydrophobic hydration increases. For the hexyl and heptyltetraalkylammonium salts the C0p decreases so the hydrophobic hydration weakens. Thus hydrophobic hydration depends on the size of cation of TAA. The hydrophobic interaction is best explained by Goring et al. by studying the interaction of non-electrolytes in aqueous solutions by dilatometrically. They compared the apparent specific volume (2) relative to apparent specific volume at 0 C as function of temperature for non-electrolytes and showed that 1-butanol be cast offs like hydrophobic compound and acts as structure maker in aqueous solution while glycerol with polar groups disrupts the structure of water. The hydrophobic compound shows the slope d2/dT is less than the corresponding thermal expansions of pure compound while it greater for the hydrophilic compounds. Madan and Sharp explained that non-polar solutes have large capacity heat of hydration Cp while for polar solutes it is small negative. The large change in heat capacity at high temperature is due to hostile enthalpic interacions and not due to entropy change. The effect of salt on the hydrophobic hydration was carried out by Talukdar and Kundu and observed that hydrophobic cation induce more hydrophobic hydration in aqueous NaNO3 solution than in pure water. Rossky et al. with the help of computer simulation studied the hydration properties of the interfaces between the water and the hydrophobic surfaces for the active peptide melittin in its monomeric and dimeric form and cogitate that hydrophobic hydration is depends on the surface topography of biomolecule.1.3 Spectroscopic study of waterDue to its various anomalous properties and great importance in the several field water is the most studied compound. To study the structure of water, number of spectroscopic techniques such as IR, Raman, neutron diffraction, X-ray scattering, NMR spectroscopy etc. have been used distillery today. The spectroscopy and scattering studies provides the structural information of water at molecular level. Bernal and Fowler analyzed the X-ray diffraction of water and investigated water as distorted quartz-like. The hydrogen bond net work in water is found to be tetrahedral in nature and each water molecule can be bound with another intravenous feeding water molecules i.e. each water molecule is double proton donor and double proton acceptor. While recently, Wernet et al. studied the structure of water by soft X-ray denseness spectroscopy and X-ray Raman scattering and investigate that hydrogen bond network in the water consists of only two strong hydrogen bonds and one act as proton door and another as proton acceptor. This controversial result of structure of water from earlier study makes the scientist to study the water structure more interesting. In this context, number of scientists have been studied the water structure by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.Infrared and Raman techniques are also the important sources of the information of hydrogen bonding in water. Above the absolute temperature all the atoms in the molecules are in continuously vibrating motion with respect to each other. Any molecule absorb s the radiation when frequence of a specific vibration is equal to frequency of the IR radiation directed on the molecule. Each atom has three degrees of freedom, corresponding to motions of the three Cartesian coordinate axes (x, y, z). Total no of coordinate values is 3N for a molecule containing N atoms. Thus, Water has 9 degrees of freedom with C2v symmetry. It shows the two stretching vibrations (symmetric and asymmetric), one bending vibration, three hindered rotations (librations), and three hindered translations. Earlier, number of research papers has been published on the study of the structure of water in solid, liquid as well as in vapor phase by IR and Raman technique. The fundamental IR frequencies for the H2O and heavy water is as shown in TableTable cardinal vibrations of liquid ordinary water and heavy waterVibration(s)liquid H2O (25 C)liquid D2O (25 C)liquid T2Ov, cm-1, M-1cm-1v, cm-1, M-1cm-1v, cm-1v21643.521.651209.417.101024 confederacy ofv2+ libration2127.53.4 61555.01.88v1,v3, and overtone ofv23404.0100.612504.069.682200http//www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_vibrational_spectrum.htmlWalrafen investigated the structure of water by Raman spectroscopy in the intermolecular as well as intramolecular vibrational region. From Raman scattering it is observed that for liquid H2O and D2O a broad weak hydrogen bending isthmus at 60 cm-1 and it is observed to be decreases as temperature rise, the lot near 170 cm-1 is produced by the stretching motion of O-H band in water molecule. This is also decreases as increases in temperature which indicates the structural breakdown of water units. These vibrations are the intermolecular vibrations of water which are observed in the restricted translational region. The intramolecular vibrations of water occurs in the range of 2000-4000 cm-1.Walrafen studied the Raman spectra of 50 mole % solution of H2O and D2O in the intramolecular region in which normal contribution of HDO vibrations are studied. The two maxi ma at 34155 cm-1 and 24955 cm-1 are referred due to OH and OD stretching vibrations of HDO, and of H2O and D2O. Also the weak band at 2860 10 cm-1 arises from the overtone of the fundamental intramolecular bending vibration of HDO near 1450 cm-1. When H2O, D2O mixture studied at 32.2 to 93 C, the isosbestic point observed at 25705 cm-1 indicates the equilibrium exists between hydrogen bonded and nonhydrogen bonded OD stretching vibrations. Senior and Verrall observed same results when studied the HDO stretching at temperature 29 to 87 C by infrared spectroscopy. Bakker et al. studied the lifetime of the OH-stretching vibration in the water as a function of temperature by using femtosecond mid-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy and observed that it increases from 26018 (at 298 K) to 32018 (at 358 K)Recently, molecular dynamic simulation is becomes the fast method for the structural detection at molecular level. Xantheas et al. used the ab initio method to obtain the vibrational frequen cies as well as zero point energy for the water clusters and its isomers with the help of second-order MllerPlesset perturbation level of theory (MP2) with the augmented correlation consistent footing set of double zeta quality (aug-cc-pVDZ).1.3.1 Near-Infrared spectral study of water and aqueous solutionsNear-Infrared consists of the region 800-2500 nm (12500-4000 cm1) in the electromagnetic spectrum. In this region molecule have energy sufficient to excite first (2), second (3), and higher overtones (n) vibrations. The overtones observed in the molecule when the intermolecular vibrations of the molecules do not obey the displumes law. The band is more intense when the greater the anharmonicity. The combination bands are also observed in the same region.Near infrared spectroscopy is the underlying tool to study the hydrogen bonding in molecule. Earlier, the scientist Luck studied water and alcohol in the NIR region and observed that the strength of cooperativity of H-bond in wat er is about 250 % stronger than H-bond in a monomeric water. Different species of water present in the cooperative H-bond such as H-non bonded, H-bond strong and H-bond weaker. Ozaki et al. studied the structure of water by using two analytical techniques such as two dimensional correlation spectroscopy and principal component analysis in which they showed the two-state water model by measurements of the water at different temperatures from 6 to 80 C. Two bands are observed at 1412 and 1491 nm due to two different species of water i.e. weak H-bond and strong H-bond respectively. The species observed at 1438 nm which has no much effect of temperature which suggested may be due to distorted two-state model of water. The water at high temperature and pressure remarkably exhibits different properties than at ambient temperature. It becomes good solvent for hydrophobic substance such as benzene and hydrocarbons which are non-polar gets completely miscible at certain temperature and press ure. The effect of high temperature as well as pressure has been given by Ikawa et al. in the range of 5500 to 7800 cm-1. They observed the band at 7000 cm-1 gradually shifts to higher wavenumber is due to free OH vibrations and at 673 K and 400 bar pressure the absorption band retain the rotational features i.e. water molecule quite rotate freely though there is collision with other molecules.Recently, Near-Infrared spectroscopy has been used extensively for chemical analysis and characterization. The applications of NIR spectroscopy in various fields have attracted the scientific community. It is also used in the determination of moisture content in food samples. It can be used to probe the hydration effects in aqueous solutions of salt. Wu et al. have studied the effect of ethanol on the structural organization of aqueous solutions of BmimBF4 and AmimCl using one-dimensional and 2D correlation NIR spectroscopy. They showed that hydrogen bonding between water and ILs gets reduced in presence of high concentration of ethanol32 and can be used to remove water as an impurity in hygroscopic ILs. They also used this technique to study aggregation behavior of ILs in water. NIR spectroscopy has been used previously for the study of hydration by McCabe and Fisher in which they have studied the hydration of perchlorate and alkali halides in aqueous solutions by using excluded volume. Koga et al. have given the excess molar absorption factor in the range of 4600-5500 cm-1 i.e. (2+3) combination band of water for the Na halides and concluded that the Br and I form the hydrogen bond directly with the water network which is different than the Cl ion. Bonner and Woolsey have obtained the hydration number for some alkali halides by using the 958 nm (21+3) combination band of water. By applying their method, Hollenberg et al. reckon the hydration number for amino acids and carbohydratesThe new concept introduced by Noda in 1993 i.e. two dimensional correlation spectroscopy has attracted many scientist to study effect of solutes on the structure of water by IR as well as NIR spectroscopy. This technique becomes powerful tool for the elucidation of spectral changes induced by temperature, time and concentration. Noda et al. studied the structural and crystallization dynamics of poly(L-lactide) during isothermal cold crystallization by two dimensional correlation spectroscopy.An interpretation of the evolution with temperature of the 2+3 combination band in water V. Forns and J. Chaussidon, J. Chem. Phys. 68, 4667-4671 (1978)Near-infrared spectroscopic study of water at high temperatures and pressures Yusuke Jin and Shun-ichi Ikawa J. Chem. Phys., 119(23), 12432-12438, 2003.The importance of cooperativity for the properties of liquid water W.A.P. Luck Journal of molecular Structure, 448 (1998) 131 142.Studies on the Structure of Water Using Two-Dimensional Near-Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis V. H. Segtnan, S. Sasic, T. Isaksson, Y. Ozaki Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 3153-3161

Can A Suspect Be Interviewed Without Legal Representation?

Can A Suspect Be Interviewed Without Legal Representation?A surmise is in clutch for robbery and the OIC wants to oppugn him as soon as possible without effective representation. The custody officer declines this necessitate and a headcounter is brought to the police station. During questioning, it became necessary, in sound out to clarify the hearingees account, to pose questions which had already been asked. The solicitor argued that this is not permitted. There is then a break in the interview and when it is re-commenced the solicitor reads out a pre-prep atomic number 18d statement. analyze the above paragraph and paying accompaniment regard to legislation, case law and the PACE Codes of Practice comment and critically evaluate chthonic what circumstances foundation a suspect be interviewed when legal representation has been withheld. Secondly whether the solicitor is correct in his assumption that questions which admit already been posed bottom of the inningnot be repeated. thirdly the dangers for the defence in submitting a pre-prep bed statements.Word Limit 2500Word Count 2415Circumstances under which a suspect stern be interviewed when access to legal advice is withheldIn order to look into circumstances in which a suspect so-and-so be interviewed in the midst of delayed legal advice access, the criteria which essential be met to make this delay must first be explored. The relevant legislation which governs the delay of legal advice comes from s.58 of the Police and roughshod Evidence Act 1984(PACE), in particular part (6) of the section, which statesDelay in compliance with a request is only permitted (a) in the case of a person who is in police detention for a serious arrestable rudeness and(b) if an officer of at least the rank of superintendent authorises it.The request, for the habits of this section, is a request to have legal access delayed for the suspect. The legislation is summary however, the codes of practise which n eed to be followed in order to triple-crownly prevent legal advice from attending the interview, presents an officer of rank equal to or higher than superintendant, with a number of criteria which must be fulfilled before the delay is granted. Failure to follow these codes could bring the relevant officers up for disciplinary proceedings. Such failure occurred in the case of R v McGovern1, where the defendant was of limited intelligence and was unable to understand the charge. She was denied legal advice, and as such the subsequent confession she made was not admissable in court. Following from this give out of s.58 PACE, the second interview in which she was granted legal advice termin affaird in a confession. However, the conduct in the first interview was deemed to have tainted the second, and so this confession was excessively denied.Delay can only be made for a time period of up to 36 hours, later which legal advice must be granted, regardless of circumstances.2Under Anne x B(Para.1) of PACE, there are 4 criteria from which an officer must find good reason to request a delayFailing to exercise the delay would(i) lead to term of en bring upment with, or harm to, evidence connected with an indictableoffence or interference with, or physical harm to, other people or(ii) lead to alerting other people suspected of having committed an indictable offence just not yet arrested for it or(iii) hinder the recovery of property obtained in consequence of the commission ofsuch an offence3Specific circumstances must be in place to delay access to a solicitor, and there must be clear evidence that the solicitors front end will result in superstar of the four criteria above occurring. This was the case in R v crowd together Ors4, where confessions were obtained whilst in the absence of legal advice. The court heard that there was no detail evidence with regards to the unlawful conduct under part (ii) (above), of the individual solicitor, and that, with regards to the decision making process in passing this delay the number of times that a police officer could genuinely be in that state of belief will be rare.Further more than, the suspect must not have been charged with the offence5, before the delay can be enforced. This was the case in R v Samuel6, where the original article of faith was quashed on the basis that at the time of the interview of the defendant, at which the presence of a solicitor was denied, there had already been a charge of the offence. In addition to this, and in relation to the criteria above, it was deemed that access to a solicitor could not be denied simply by the belief that access might lead to other suspects in connection with the offence macrocosm alerted the prob business leader had to be high. A well-referenced quote was made in this case, from Hodgson LJ, which stated that entitlement to free legal representation was wholeness of the well-nigh important and fundamental rights of a citizen.Equally, a bre ach of s.58 PACE does not always result in a quashed conviction. In R v in alliadice7, the grounds for refusal of legal advice for an interview included the worry that the solicitor may inadvertently warn other persons linked with the offence. The appeal against conviction was refused, as although there was a poor decision on the part of the officer for delaying advice, it was at the judges discretion to reverse the conviction. The judge decided against excluding the evidence under s.78 PACE, as the defendant was aware of his rights, exercised them (including the right to silence), and as such the presence of legal advice would not have changed the outcome of the interview.Finally, the offence with which the suspect is under question for must be a serious arrestable offence. S.116(1) of PACE lists the offences which fall under this category, and whatsoever itemors which may cause a normal arrestable offence to become a serious one. Robbery is not normally an arrestable offence, a nd so for the delay in legal advice to be allowed, there must be colossal circumstances as detailed in the section.8Providing that these criteria have been met, and that correct evidence is present, a suspect interview is permitted to be conducted under Code C (para 6.6) of PACE, a part of the code which otherwise would prevent such interviews from taking place.Is repeating questions previously posed, tolerable?There is no insinuate of limits on repeating questions in the PACE codes of conduct However, guidelines on the subject of investigative interview aims and techniques were published by the firm Office in 1992. Amongst these guidelines were the seven principles of investigative interviewing.9Following these guidelines, which were devised with animated Human Rights legislation in mind10, interviewing officers have a framework within which they can work without overstepping the line with regards to the treatment of suspects. In particular, there is one guideline which influ ences how repeat questioning can be posed.Principle number 4 statesInvestigators are not bound to accept the first answer given. Questioning is not unfairmerely because it is persistent.Therefore, persistent questioning, considering these guidelines, published under the title of The National inquiring Interviewing Strategy 200911is permitted. But at what point does persistent questioning become oppressive? Oppressive behaviour can amount to inadmissibility of evidence examples including confessions12. In R v Fulling13, Lord Lane CJ said that oppression occurred following behaviour which included excercise of authority or power in a burdensome, harsh or persecuteful manner14. In R v Paris15, also known as the case of the Cardiff Three, over the course of 13 hours worth of interview time, a statement was put to the defendant forcefully, along with the question of whether he had committed the offence detailed, over 300 times. Despite no violence being used, this conduct was deemed t o be oppressive. Another case which illustrates when questioning becomes beyond what is expected of the police officer, is that of R v Heron16. In this case persistent torture and questioning along the lines of getting a confession for the murder of a 7 year old girl resulted in the case being thrown out of court. This was despite the tone of the questioning not being aggressive or harsh It was merely the style and purpose of the questioning with which the judge took issue. The result of a report into the actions taken during this enquiry found that the line between robust questioning and oppressive questioning was difficult to draw17. However, these are exceptional circumstances in which repeated questioning has been deemed to have gone too outlying(prenominal) there are few reported cases. For the main part, the investigative guidelines are the key to allowing repeats of questioning. Code C (para.11.5) of PACE also guides the police officer to not use oppressive behaviour whils t conducting an interview.For the PEACE model of investigative interviewing, repeats of questions mentioned previously are a fundamental of the account clarification section of the model. The model is the standard start point from which all policing interviews are carried out in the linked Kingdom, and as such, the guidelines must be clear. Without the freedom to ask questions repeatedly which may have either not been answered fully previously or without any conviction, then it becomes harder to ascertain the truth behind events the main aim of investigative interviewing. Another of the principles of investigative interviewing confirms thisWhen conducting a suspect interview, police officers are free to ask questions in order to establish the truthThe Dangers of Submitting Pre-Prepared StatementsThe purpose of handing in a pre-prepared statement is to provide a written copy of the details of the case, from the defences point of view, usually at the beginning of a suspect interview. If the statement contains adequate levels of detail, and covers any facts which are mentioned in court fully, then it has the power to negate the drawing of adverse inferences. An illustrate of when such inferences can be drawn can be found under s.34(1)(a) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994(CJPOA), which readsWhere, in any proceedings against a person for an offence, evidence is given that the accused-at any time before he was charged with the offence, on being questioned under caution by a constable trying to discover whether or by whom the offence had been committed, failed to mention any fact relied on in his defence in those proceedings.As questioning under caution is mentioned, the statement should be handed in once the caution has been given. But what happens when the statement fails to give sufficient important value? Mentioning a fact in court which was not mentioned in the pre-prepared statement, save would have been reasonable to include in such a docum ent, is one danger. In R v McGarry18, the defendant relied on facts which were not present on the statement which was handed in. There was merely flesh on the finger cymbals of that account, and an adverse inference can be drawn based on the reliance of such evidence in the proceedings, as in s.34(1)(a) CJPOA. Failure to mention basic facts which would have been reasonably expected in a vital piece of evidence is another danger in submitting a pre-prepared statement without thoroughgoing planning. Planning can be done prior to any interview in private between defendant and legal advisor, as the pre-prepared statement is a legally privileged document, and as such the police have no right to enforce access to it. In R v Bourgass19, the appellant had picked up a knife and stabbed 4 officers. He was convicted of murder, and then appealed based on admissibility of evidence. When analysed, the pre-prepared statement which was given at the beginning of the original interview provided no i ncursion as to the reasoning behind why the appellant wished to escape, nor did it try to persuade that the use of the knife was in self-defence. In court the appellant relied solely upon this statement, and gave no other testimony in front of the jury yet it contained such little in the way of a defence of his actions that the statement proved pointless, and the appellants conviction was held.It is not the failure to answer questions which can introduce the possibility of adverse inferences but rather the failure to provide sufficient answers in the prepared statement, as in R v Knight20. In this case, despite failing to answer any questions in interview, the defences pre-prepared statement was enough to negate any wrong doing under s.3421, and so the appeal was allowed and the conviction was overruled.22However, this ruling came with a warning from the presiding judgeWe wish to make it crystal clear that of itself the making of a pre-prepared statement gives no automatic immunity against adverse inferences under section 3423Adverse inferences can also be avoided providing what is said in the interview is in line with evidence found in the pre-prepared statement, as in R v Ali Ors24.The credibility of the suspect can be put under question if 2 statements which do not match in character and account are put to the court A pre-prepared statement and an oral statement. Under s.119 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003,(1) If in criminal proceedings a person gives oral evidence and-(a) he admits making a previous inconsistent statement, or(b) a previous inconsistent statement made by him is proved by virtue of section 3, 4 or 5 of the Criminal action Act 1865 (c. 18),the statement is admissible as evidence of any matter stated of which oral evidence by him would be admissible.This legislation means that some(prenominal) types of statement must be taken into account by the court, and both are admissible when the jury are making their decision. The decision must be ma de in light of the ruling in R v Argent25, where 6 guidelines were put in place to decide when an inference could be inferredThere must be proceedings against a person for an offenceThe alleged failure to mention a fact at trial must have occurred before charge, or on chargeThe alleged failure must have occurred during questioning under caution)The questioning must have been enjoin to trying to discover whether or by whom the alleged offence was committedThe alleged failure of the accused must have been to mention any fact relied on in his defence in those proceedingsThe alleged failure must have been to mention a fact which in the circumstances existing at the time the accused could reasonably have been expected to mention when so questioned.BibliographyCasesR v Argent 1997 2 Cr.App.R. 27R v Knight 2003 EWCA 1977 Paragraph 13R v Ali Ors 2001 EWCA Crim 683.R v Knight 2003 EWCA 1977R v McGarry1998 EWCA Crim 2364 (16th July, 1998)R v Bourgass2005 EWCA Crim 1943 (19 July 2005)R v Ful ling1987 2 WLR 923R v Paris (1993) 97 Cr. App. R. 99R v George Heron, (November 1993) UnreportedR v Samuel 1988 1 QB 615R. v Alladice1988 Crim. L.R. 608R v James Ors 2008 EWCA Crim 1869 (30 July 2008)R v McGovern(1991) 92 Cr. App. R. 228Case Study Depression and Dementia CareCase Study Depression and Dementia CareIntroductionMr X is a 78 years old gentleman who has been admitted to a busy craziness unit six months ago. He was admitted from home following increasing lethargy, first gear and reduced mobility. Prior to the admission he was diagnosed inter alia with Vascular Dementia. He communicates verbally with no difficulties, using very wide vocabulary however can mix up words and statuss. He was assessed as neglecting capacity to make in mixed baged decisions. Mr X has one missy who is of the opinion that her father lacks incursion into the difficulties he was having at home believing that he was managing fine. Mr Xs wife (Eva) died few months ago, in a hospital suffering f rom breast cancer. Mr X was very involved into her care throughout the illness and cannot accept the loss.Problem assessmentMr X, does appear to have an understanding of the sourroundings albeit he is very quiet approximately of the times almost like having no intrest of what is happening around him. He appears unable to generate any enthusiasm.Mr X remains independent in legal injury of personal care, use of facilities, eating and drinking and requires minimum assistance and maximum encouragement and prompting. He is able to mobilize with a zimmer frame, though come along to feel best sitting in a chair in his room, even at meals or activities times.In relation to the above tercet main problems that interlock have been place1. Depression and its effectsMr X cannot reconcile yourself to the loss of his wife, changes in life his physical and mental health resulting in depression and progress in dementia. He appears isolated, lost a lot of weight apathy and withdrawal are present affecting seriously his ability to perform everyday tasks.According to him, to his miss and to the information gained on assessment using Initial Dementia Assessment (IDA) he used to enjoy reading books, travelling and had an outgoing personality. The IDA indicated that the dramatic change and deterioration in his condition was noted when his wife passed away and he was told that he is having dementia. On the Mini-Mental State trial (MMSE) Mr X scored 20/30 which could suggest that his dementia is not severe and that there may be other reasons for his withowal. His score could have been slightly amplify because well educated people like Mr X find thequestions easy to answer (Marshal at al 1983) but he could be described as smallly confused.One of the MMSE questions colligate to language skills was about writing a sentence about anything. Mr X wrote a short statement Eva is not here and I have dementia.Research deliver that coping and getting along with the diagnosis of deme ntia is a time-consuming process a lot related to a range of emotions such as fear, shame, guilt, sadness, bitterness, isolation and helplessnes. (Alzheimer Europe, 2009) Mr. X appeared to feel overwhelmed by those emotions.Paying attention to non verbal signs of Mr X bevaiour helped supply to look into his case further. He often avoided eye contact, showed no inattentiveness his appetite decreased and his posture expressed tiredness of living. Studies of nonverbal behaviour indicators in show that this type of signs are often related to post traumatic stess disorder ( PTDS) and that men are more likely to show depression in a form of isolation and withrowal (Stratou at al, n.d.).2. Upset family relationshipsAssessment tools demonstrated that family was very important to Mr X.When communicating with the missy lack of understanding dementia, depression and PTDS were set as an important factor contributing to Mr X situation. Evidence show that above named health issues have an m ove on family sections relationship difficulties are viridity and it it not easy to understand the loved one. ( Alzheimers Society, 2013). The main concern was no communication with the father and unwillingness to spend time with him to alter him to accept his chalanging situalion. She could not imagine that her normally happy and sociable father was so depressed, and in addition diagnosed with dementia which meant he became a stranger to her.3. challenge behaviourWhilst faculty members were doing their best trying to motivate and encourage Mr X to get more involved into his care and the care home life, Mr. X refused everything or simply ignored them. The efforts had a negative impact on him and caused reactions such as pretending to be dependent and irritating staff. These types of reaction have been identified by Wallbridge as types of aggression called active resistance ( Wallbridge, n.d.). Staff then presented negative attidude and disaffection towards Mr X. Evidence sugg ests that behaviours, including uncooperativeness, staff find difficult to cope can lead psychological stess amongst staff and discourage them to deepen knowledge related to the health problem of the patient. ( Brodaty at al, 2003)PlanningFrom the above assessment a list o goals have been created in order to improve the quality of life for mr X which is aimed to be archived throughcreating an environment where Mr X could feel emotionally safe, back up and understoodhelping him understand, manage and accept his condition .Lowering the level of lethargy and depression and stimulate functional ability, social contact and activity by further him to talk and listen to what he is sayingStimulating and motivating Mr X to create new habits related to maintain his physical independence, eating and help him use his potentialinvolving Mr Xs daughter into care and help her understand the complexity of her fathers condition to make the psychosocial interventions better and improve Mr X behavio ur and mood as well as increase his acceptability of the care home settings. Encourage her to let Mr X know that she cares about him and to ride out in contact with him by visiting him, taking him out, calling etc to minimise the isolating experiencetraining for staff in relation to challenging behaviour and dementia awareness, communication, behaviour and work related stress precautionThe desired outcome is partially based on the outcomes from the research done amongst people with mild dementia and suffering on depression that have successfully managed to improve their lives, that was done was done by the social work department of University of Stirling for the Scottish executive. (Scottish executive director Social Research 2005)ImplementationIn relation to problem 1Assessment using IDA and MMSE indicated that Mr X condition is affected by depression. Further probe has been done. GP and the Liason Psychiatric Nurse have been contacted and involved.Mr X scored 23/30 in the Geri atric Depression Scale (GDS) indicating severe depression. (Yesavage et al, 1982)It has been decided that his depression should be addressed first because it was the major factor preventing Mr X from enjoying life similarly to like he used to. It is known that the effects of depression go far beyond the mood ( Smith at el. 2014).In Mr X case this had an impact not only on his energy, appetite, and physical activity but also on his relations with family and staff.In relation to the weight loss Malnutrition Universal Screening Too (MUST) (BAPEN, n.d.) has been used. Initial MUST score was 0 with healthy BMI but due to his poor appetite the score rose to 1 within 3 months. Therefore his dietary intake was documented in a form of Food and Fluids Record Chat ( Care NHS UK, n.d) and his weight was monitored every two weeks.In relation to diet intake Mrs X was offered meals according to his likes suggested by his daughter and accepted by himself which significantly increased the likehood o f an consumed meal .After 2 months his weight stabilised. He remains poor eater and therefore his meals contain more calories. His weight is before long monitored once a month and is not a concern anymore. Changes are documented in his care plan that is evaluated every month.Studies show an association between depression and increased mortality in older adults. Factors identified in Mr X case included poor adherence , lack of physical activity, cognitive impairment. ( Gallo et al 3013)From the point of his medication, a rviewd was requested by the GP and and it has been suggested to discontinue Paroxetine(Seroxat) and commence on Amitriptyline. Both belong to antidepressants but spay in side effects. ( NHS plectrum, 2013). In addition it has been requested to commence Mr X on regular laxatives as episode of constipation have been noted. Currently Mr X bowels are monitored and documented on bowels chart on daily basis. No concerns have been noted.In relation to problem 2Reduced sense of purpose was identified as the main co-existing factorTo help Mr X overcome this problem (which he expressed clearly during the MMSE mentioning the loss of his spouse and dementia diagnosis) his daughter was asked to participate and although she was initially sceptical she brought meaningful memoralia and small pieces of furniture to help him feel like home. Staff gave her assistance and explanation in relation to dementia and depression. She was also offered help and given reassurance in a form of Family Support Meetings organised by the home. The initial scepticism disappeared with gaining awareness of the illness. She became Mr X advocate and currently holds medical and financial power of attorney for him. ( Office of the Public Guardian, Scotland, n.d.) Furthermore her two sons come regularly to visit Mr. X, they often take him out for a meal or call him to find out how he is.Staff has also managed to discuss one the most sensitive matters related to Mr. Xs End of Life s uch as DNACPR certificate that is present in Mr X file in the event of need. Mr. Xs relationship with his daughter and grandsons appears happy. The daughter stated that this helped also her to resolve personal problems she feels acknowledged by her father and therefore valued. There is a Family/Relatives Communication part in Mr X care plan and a book in Mr X room where any suggestions, complaints or comments can be made by staff members or by the family .(U.S National Library of Medicine, 2011)The relation with staff can be defined as very good. A persons family is often the most important, long-standing connection in their life. Therefore, the ability of staff to work demonstrablely and inclusively with families and carers is a core staff skill.In relation to problem 3Most of the staff required training to help them understand the nature of behaviour that challenges. The importance of the training this became so vital that it is now one of the mandatory trainings every member of staff has to attend. Skills that were aimed to be improved included addressing challenging behaviour, person centred approach and communication skills (Skills for Care, 2013) Many staff showed the need to be trained in related to stress management (Wallbridge, n.d.) The future aim is to create a team that focuses on peoples assets and life outcomes. A team that is confident of their roles and impact on Mr X and any other client, willing to contribute and encouraging new members of staff to learn.EvaluationSummarising, Mr. X case has been an example of mostly successful process of assessment and implementation of the planned actions. There was and so called multi agency approach to Mr X needs. Assessment tools helped in the identification and articulation of the needs and contributed to positive changes leading to holistic, personalised approach to them. Recent changes to the social care management and the need to comply with the Public Services Reform Scotland Act 2010 contributed t o the awareness in relation to staff due to the accent on the importance of systematic and sensitive assessment.Mr Xs continuing care did not require up to now any specific nursing interventions.The difficulty consisted of identifying the roles and the division of work.Mr Xs case proved that there are different functions staffs have to have a go at it that contribute to the optimum health and overall wellbeing of older people such aspsychosocial and emotional house enabling life review where the family support was crucial but required time to functionwork aimed at maintaining his independence and functional ability that continues to be improved through the aspiration of a well functioning team work.educative teaching self-care activities by encouraging physical activitymanagerial- directions in terms of who and when undertakes the administrative and supervisory responsibilities could have been improved.All the above reduces to good knowledge, awareness, and experience, will powe r to change things for the better and to a well functioning team work. Many things would have been done sooner or could have been dealt with better if we were aware of the need and knew how. This is why it would be recommended to pay more attention to training needs in relation to new regulations, staff assessments, achieving and evidencing outcomes, person-centred care planning.ReferencesOffice of the Public Guardian( Scotland)( n.d.) http//www.publicguardian-scotland.gov.uk/whatwedo/power_of_attorney.aspCare NHS UK ( n.d.) Food and Fluid Record Chart http//www.glos-care.nhs.uk/images/Food_and_Fluid_chart_-_attachment_31_copy_copy_copy.pdf(BAPEN, n.d.) Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool http//www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_full.pdfSkills for Care (2013) Supporting staff working with people who challenge services Guidance for employers http//www.skillsforcare.org.uk/Document-library/Skills/ good deal-whose-behaviour-challenges/Supporting-staff-working-with-challenging-behaviour- (Guide-for-employers)vfw-(June-2013).pdfU.S National Library of Medicine (2011) no author Communicating with families of dementia patients Can Fam Physician Joulrnal Vol 57(7) 801802 http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135450/NHS Choice ( 2013) Antidepressantshttp//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Antidepressant-drugs/Pages/Introduction.aspxMelinda Smith, M.A., Lawrence Robinson, and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D. Last updated February 2014. Depression in Older Adults the Elderly http//www.helpguide.org/mental/depression_elderly.htmGallo, J., Morales, K.H.,Bogner, H.R, Raue, J.P, Zee,J, Bruce M.L and Reynolds C.F(2013) BMJ Helping doctors making better decisions Long term effect of depression care management on mortality in older adults follow-up of cluster randomized clinical trial in primary care http//www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2570Scottish Executive Social Research (2005) Effective Social Work with Older People http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/47121/0020809.pdfWallbridge, H. ( n.d.) When pushed to the limitMoving beyond a difficult situation http//www.alzheimer.mb.ca/handouts/When%20Pushed%20to%20the%20LimitMoving%20Beyond%20a%20Difficult%20Situation.pdfAlzheimer Society (2013) Understanding and respecting the person with dementia file///C/Users/GEORGE/Downloads/Understanding_and_respecting_the_person_with_dementia_factsheet.pdfStratou,G., Scherer,S., Gratch,J. and Morency, L.P. (n.d) University of Southern California, Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles reflexive Nonverbal Behavior Indicators ofDepression and PTSD Exploring Gender Differences http//ict.usc.edu/pubs/Automatic%20Nonverbal%20Behavior%20Indicators%20of%20Depression%20and%20PTSD-%20Exploring%20Gender%20Differences.pdfAlzheimer Europe (2009) no author Facing the diagnosis Diagnosis of dementia http//www.alzheimer-europe.org/Living-with-dementia/After-diagnosis-What-next/Diagnosis-of-dementia/Facing-the-diagnosisMarshal F. Folstein, MD Lee N. Robins, PhD John E. Helzer, MD (1983) The Mi ni-Mental State Examination JAMA communicate Journal Archives of General Psychiatry Vol 40, No. 7 http//archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=493108National Chronic Care Consortium and the Alzheimers Association (2003) Tools for Early Identification,Assessment, and Treatment for People with Alzheimers Disease and Dementia http//www.alz.org/national/documents/brochure_toolsforidassesstreat.pdf

Female Form in the Art Deco Movement: Tamara de Lempicka

Female Form in the nontextual matter Deco Movement Tamara de LempickaDesign for Passion The female realise in artistic creation DecoThe Art Deco call was the musical genre during the mid-twenties and 1930s affecting the decorative arts, fine arts and fashion (Lucie-Smith, 1996). Through by this period it was moment for womens clothing fashions. The enactments of Polish-born Tamara de Lempicka elaborated on the trend as a painter of people mainly in the smart social circles in which she moved. She was penniless when she fled to Paris with her husband and daughter. It was then she resolved her talents of artistry would assure a successful cargoner in Paris.To represent her characterization sort she elaborated on distinctive streamlined elegance with a sense of impertinent decadence, often comp bed to the cubism of Leger (some date called Soft Cubism). She was better than anyone else at representing the Art Deco style in painting. Her works exhibited the full-strength meanin g of the Art Deco style and affiliated the ire for design that women had in their looks turning point (de Lempicka, 1998). It can be said that she is probably the to the highest degree famous painter of the art deco period.The painting style cr cancel outed by de Lempicka was as glamorous as her subject matter. Her instructor Andre Lhote did not realize the subtle syntheses of inspiration she portrayed. The use of a plastic metaphor which Tamara used time and again in her artistic output can be characterized by the haughty expression typical of a certain caste, or in her nudes which are allegories of lasciviousness. She used a trademark combination of soft, rounded constructs set against architectural lines and shapes that reflected a new sophisticated urbanity to those she painted in highly mannered portraits. Her former(a) main subjects included erotic nudes and still life of calla lilies. Her bold technique and palette rapidly won her acclaim as the quintessential Art Deco ar tist (Blondell, 2004).Art Deco design was above all modern that exemplified the boundless potential of a newly industrialized world. The characterizations of Art Deco include the use of materials such as sharkskin, zebra skin, zigzag and stepped forms, bold and sweeping curves, chevron patterns, and sunburst motif. The sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a ladys shoe. It was a mainstream in consumerism that was dysphoric in the great fashion mags as Vogue and Harpers Bazaar to advertise the emergence of the New Woman in American society.It was argued that Art Deco functioned as a trademark for popular notions of femininity during a time when women were said to be the consumers of the average household. A genre of the time it appealed to women and was used as a selling point for cosmetics, clothing, home furnishings, jewelry, and art objects. The image that femininity would dominate the American imagination for the future inspired consumerism (Fischer, 2003).The co rset was definitively eliminated making the flat and square dresses of the 1920s an ideal canvas to display motifs of the Art Deco period. Skirts were shortened and the female figure became formless and androgynous (sexless) the waistline dropped to the hips or simply ceased to exist. In the 1930s the waistline moved to its natural position. Nylon, satin, silk and crepe the most prevalent of materials used to make fine figure defining dresses. Fabric was cut diagonally to take emolument of its elasticity to show formation of what it covered. Skirts were made longer while the legs were allowed to be seen via long slits in the dresses and the shoulders were broadened by padded shoulder inserts (Lussier, 2003).In Portrait of a Young Girl in a spirt Dress, Tamara explicitly demonstrates her visual of the fashion of the times, sleek and seductive (Lucie-Smith). Girl in Green with G respects, probably her most famous painting epitomizes her style showing the fabric and hair combined in to sharp lines and flowing curves with the entire form strongly dimensional even so stay abstract and modern.The Art Deco of the 20s, with its geometric motifs and bright, bold colour ins superlative represents the best and purest forms of the decorative art period. Reaching its bold point among 1925 with 1935, the classical, symmetrical, rectilinear style of Art Deco, drew inspiration from other art movements such as Cubism, Futurism, and influence of the Bauhaus and became the dominant art form of Paris between 1920 through 1930. Tamara deLempicka was the artist who pursued the Arts Decoratifs style, derived from the Worlds fair held in 1925, formerly titled the Exposition Internationales des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes that showcased French luxury goods (Wikipedia, 2003).A 1925auto portrait, Tamara in the Green Bugatti was an oil painting on wood. Tamara was dressed in a bright yellow with black hat, matching the color of the vehicle. The painting came about when a magazine editor was overwhelmed by the drivers style. The driver, later was learned, to be de Lempicka herself. The editor had left a calling card on the windshield asking the yellow clad fair sex to contact her. Die Dame, Germanys leading fashion magazine, then commissioned a self portrait in the car for the magazines cover. The result was one of de Lemplickas best cognise works wherein she mixes cold, hard textures with luxurious, decadent sensual imagery. A point of interest on the matter was that Tamara NEVER owned a green Bugatti. The auto portrait was an icon of the era. The painting is said to represent the newly discovered freedom of women of the day (Paloma).Sexy, modern and unabashedly consumer-oriented was the new Art Deco style. Motifs were borrowed from Japan, Africa, ancient Egtyptian and Mayan cultures to create wise visual effects (Benton, 2003). French pochoir prints from the glorious Art Deco era presented womans fashion designs in their most original era. Th e clothing was revolutionary from designers such as Charles Worth, blue jean Patou, Paul Poiret, Lucien Lelong and Joseph Paquin (Schiffer, 1998). Erte was an artist who received his fame by his drawings in Harpers Bazaars magazine for 22 yrs.His covers for the magazine shaped the entire modern tradition of fashion drawing. Erte (name derived from his initials R. T. Romaine de Tirtoff) to a fault designed sets for plays and musicals most noted are the costumes and stage sets for the Folies-Bergere in Paris (Blum, 1976). He was perhaps the most appealing of artists at the time, called attention to the sleekness of style giving emphasis to lineal definition and bold color. (Fischer). The jewelry from the era exploded with color, drama of form and juxtaposition of texture and contour. Designs included buckles, clips, belts, mirrors, pendants, cigarette cases, rings, chains, necklaces, watchbands, brooches, studs and charms (Raulet, 2002).The aesthetic of Art Deco was most radical in the late 1920s at which female stars as Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford and Myrna Loy donned lavish Art Deco fashions. De Lempicka herself received acclaim for her aloof Garboesque beauty, her parties, and her love affairs. Her beauty and opinionated nature also increased her celebrity (de Lempicka). The style declined as a growing conservatism challenged the feminist advances of an earlier generation. The Art Deco woman was once an object of desire but she then regressed toward demeaning caricatures and pantomimes of unbridled sexuality (Fischer).To artists she (de Lempicka) appeared to be an upper-class dilettante, and to the nervous haute bourgeoisie she seemed arrogant and depraved, comments Laura Claridge. Her beauty and opinionated nature increased her celebrity as photographs of the period show a sleek woman whose lethargic-eyed mystique challenged that of Greta Garbo.De Lempicka was a very physical person. She often slept with the people she painted, or those who sat for her. T hey were both male and female. Her first lesbian affair was said to be with Ira Perrot who modeled for her and took her to Italy where she discovered paintings of Botticelli and Messina. It was the period of time in which she began to run into lesbian parties. Her creativeness went as far as the tastefully arrangement of food on the body of a nude woman. Thereafter, she would then slowly she eat her midnight meal (de Lempicka). The artist pursued older men as social companions, but slept with younger and more handsome men. She was often seen caressing a working-class boy one night and a woman the next. Her adventures inspired her artwork.An overview to her painting of Adam and Eve, her daughter Kizette states, The model walked across the room and picked up an apple from the bun to satiate her hunger. Tamara then says Stop I have an inspiration. I have before me the vision of Adam and Eve. She then went out into the street and nearby power saw a policeman on his beat. He was youn g and handsome. Monsieur, I am an artist and I need a model for my painting. She brought him into the studio and said you are Adam, here is your Eve completing her motivation. Among the unique aspects of her style is the overt lesbianism that informs it, especially in her female nudes, i.e. Two Friends, Spring, and The Girls. The implication of sexuality between the females is subtle yet obvious.Tamara Gorska de Lempicka was married first to Tadeusz Lempicki a Russion lawyer and socialite and then to Baron Raoul Huffner with whom she moved to America. Being a bisexual woman, de Lempickas works reflects a glorification of the female form and vignettes of female life. Seated Nude (1923) exploits her depiction of women in which she sets the tone of a powerful, curvy, and slab-faced image. Depicted during the Jazz Age de Lempickas art expel a riot of color combined with the sharpness of Cubism making them seem to explode from their frames and grab our attention (Charlish, 2004). The sex y, bedroom-eyed women in stylish dresses are rendered in haunting poses that seem to mirror her life through her art.The Orange Turban of which Tamara produced eight versions in her lifetime, shows the influence of the Dutch and Flemish masters that she absorbed while studying at the Louvre. Independent publishing company Mani de Li of Modern Art A Skeptical View, opinions that Tamara succeeds in portraits that have an aim similar to Picassos failures with hers being more original, complete, better drawn, colored and composed. The paintings never film those scratchy areas of flat schmiery ugliness and unfinish so common in even the best of Picassos, he contends. From the pages of womens magazines to the salons and counters of department stores to the set of design of Hollywood films, the Art Deco style was used to market modernity and elegance (Fischer).Tamara sold her portrait art to the rich aristocracy of Paris that fetched huge prices. She refused to comment on the fascism ar ound her. It was between the wars, that she painted portraits of writers, entertainers, artists, scientists, industrialists, and many of Eastern Europes exiled nobility (Lucie-Smith). She had a choice to do carnival or festive art, and chose the festive (Boje, 2001). Peter Plagens, an art critic from Newsweek, referred to Tamara as practically forgotten with her production of almost soft porn. And he further stated that Tamara was the end product, not the producer of art that influences other artists (Claridge, 1999). After a threat of a Second World War, Tamara left Paris to go to Hollywood. There she became the Favorite Artist of the Hollywood Stars. The 1950s and 1960s phased out Deco Art until in a 1966 exhibition in Paris it resumed its interest.She had changed her style to abstract art in the 1960s. Her works were created then with a spatula with her output seemingly out of fashion. De Lempickas earlier works began to rise in the 1970s and by the 1990s she once again became a stylish icon. Feminisms emphasis on unearthing sidelined women had played a part in her revitalization as well. The liberation of gay women has made her the prophetic, in -house painter of lipstick lesbianism (Charlish).Today de Lempickas work still is connected to Hollywood with singer/actress Madonna and actor Jack Nicholson being the most avid contemporary collectors of her paintings. Her paintings were rediscovered by the world (Neret, Gilles, 1992). Tamara de Lempicka achieved her notoriety and fame several times during her lifetime and corpse popular today for her highly sexualized art deco portraits. The qualities of decadence and hedonism that caused critics of the 1960s and 1970s to dismiss her work are those traits that now show new appreciation, comments Elizabeth Ashburn, Professor and mental capacity of the School of Art in the College of Fine Arts at the University of South Wales, Austrailia.Tamara de Lempicka chose her teachers well. She learned the use of simple lin es and a smooth finish from Maurice Denis, from who she had her first painting lesson at the Academe Ranson. She learned the neoclassical modification of cubism from Lhote in Paris. She learned the clear, glowing colors and imperious yet powerful interpretation of the female form and execution of the society portrait from Ingres (Charlish). When combined, the three distinct traits of her tutors were expelled though her own unique style in which she was able to bring across the passion of design.De Lempicka is the true demonstrator of the female form in Art Deco painting. The icon of Art Deco ceased her works after the death of her husband in 1962. She moved to Mexico and died in her forty winks in 1980 only to leave behind her ashes strewn over the crater of Mt. Popocateptl along with her now valued works of art depicting one of the most enrapturing periods of art history in which she displayed the liberty of the woman of her time.BIBLIOGRAPHYBenton, Tim, Benton, Charlotte Wood Ghislaine. 2003 Art Deco 1910-1939. Bulfinch 1st North edition. Sept. 17. ISBN082122834X.Blondell, Alain Brugger, Ingirid. (2004) Tamara de Lempicka. Royal Academy Books. 168 pgs. ISBN 1903973422.Blum, Stella. 1976 Designs by Erte. New York Dover.Boje, D. M. 2001 Athletic primp Industry is Tamara-land. Tamara Journal of Critical PostmodernOrganization Science. Vol. 1 (2), pp. 6-19.Charlish, Nicky.2004 Art Deco Icon Tamara Lempicka. Culture Wars.RoyalAcademy, London.Claridge, Laura.1999 Tamara de Lempicka A Life of Deco and Decadence. ClarksonPotter Publishers. 436 pgs., September 21.De Lempicka,Baroness Kizette and Philip, Charles. (1998) Passion by Design The Artand Times of Tamara de Lempicka, Abberville Press. 192 pgs. ISBN0789205033.Fischer, Lucy.2003 excogitation Women Art Deco, and the Female Form (Film and Culture). Columbia University Press. 352 pgs. ISBN 0231125011.Lucie-Smith,Edward. 1996 Art Deco Painting, Phaidon Press, clx pages, ISBN071482545X.Lussier, Suzanne.2003. All Tied-Up The Corset in Contemporary Fashion. The Victoria and Albert Museum.Neret, Gilles. 1992.Tamara de Lempica Benedict. Taschen Verlag GrnbH. Kolan.Paloma Gallery. http//www.paloma.ca/gallery.html.Raulet, Sylvie.2002 Art Deco Jewelry. Thames Hudson.Schiffer. 1998. FrenchArt Deco Fashions In Pochoir Prints from the 1920s. Schiffer Publishing .Feb. 1. 160 pages. ISBN 0764304747.Wikipedia. 2003.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.

The Struggles Faced In The Color Purple And The Joy Luck Club Essay

The Struggles Faced in The falsify royal and The Joy Luck ClubA common bond of struggle links the novels The Color imperial by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, destruction, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive non only by not enough bitter individuals but becoming more whole individuals. Celie in The Color Purple has struggled since the very beginning because of the poor treatment she has received by men. Being ravaged by her nonplus Fonso, Celie becomes pregnant and Fonso sells both of the children that she has. Celie promises to protect Nettie, her sister, from Fonsos abuse is the first sign of her taking a stance to prevent the horrors which are occurring in her patriarchal existence. When married her married man Albert just uses her as a slave. He perceives her as livestock, and denies her not only love but humanity (Hall, 3)The first night together he raped her. She worked on the farm and put up with his children. At 14 she writes notes to God on the dehumanizing nature of her existence and the humiliations she has suffered (Kirkpatrick, 846).Although she totally devalues herself, Celie finds her sister very valuable, worth protecting. Her self-sacrifice and lack of bitterness are evident here. Celie shows resentment and bitterness at the way she has been treated by men. Albert also betrays her by hiding all of the earn from Nettie making Celie believe that her sister is dead. She also feels betrayed by God, who seems to her to have condoned much of the strife in her life. Celies life has been one of hopelessness, even longing for death as a relief from lifes hardships (Hankinson, 3) Shug suggests to her that the ultimate goal for people is life giving rather than life d enying. Celie is also a summit example of trying to overcome her struggle to find who or what she wants to be. Shug Avery is a symbol to Celie of the ideal women that she wants to be. Shug is also a symbol of life, freedom, and love. Celie is submissive and abused often. However, she has not lost her intelligence and keeps her anger in check and doesnt do anything rash for the sake of seeing her sister again. In ... ...By examining the characters of The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club, one can conclude that many of the characters face struggles throughout the two novels. Each character finds their own way to deal with their struggles. Celie finds a new self-respect and strength while the daughters in The Joy Luck Club realize the strength and dignity of her mother and learn to appreciate her Chinese heritage. Works CitedHall, James C. Towards a Map of Mis(sed) Reading The Presence of Absence in the Color Purple African American Review (Spring 1992)2-6Hamiliton, Patricia L. Feng Shui, Astrology, and the Five Elements handed-down Chinese Belief in Amy Tans the Joy Luck Club MELUS (Summer 1999)1Hankinson, Stacie L. From Monotheism to Pantheism Liberation from Patriarchy in Alice Walkers the Color Purple Midwest Quarterly (Spring 1997) 3Heung, Marina Daughter-Text/Mother-Text Matrilineage in Amy Tans Joy Luck ClubFeminist Studies (Fall 1993) 3Kirkpatrick, D.L. Alice Walker 1986. sore York, NY St. Martins Press. 846Schell , Orville Amy Tan the Joy Luck Club March 1989. New York 1989. 92Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. 1989. New York G.P. Putnam

Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance Essay exam

Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance Youre an expatriate. Youve lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have finished you. You drink yourself to death. You fabricate obsessed with sex. You spend all your time talking, not working. You are an expatriate, see? (Sun Also Rises, 115)1 genus Paris in the 1920s was a place that seemed to comprise dynamic exquisite achievement. Many of the great artists of modernist movements were either at that place or had passed through at some point. It became the living embodiment of the old joke So Hemingway, Fitzgerald and Modigliani walk into a bar... For Americans traveling to Paris after the war with artistic intentions, it was a win-win situation Freedom from stultifying artistic conventions and the burgeoning corporate culture, and life in a bohemian residential district with cheap francs, an old order debunked by the war, and an already established network of expatriate heavy hitters (Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound). Even among the American expatriate class, however, on that point was a function between groups. There were those who went to Paris to fully immerse themselves in the bohemian lifestyle (even if part of it was more show than reality) and interact and argue with other self-proclaimed artists, piece of music the other went to Paris due to its burgeoning reputation as a place to see and be seen among the literati (much like the latest trendy eatery in Los Angeles). Some were there for the art, others for the atmosphere. Hemingway, in his retrospective A Movable Feast, would consider himself a staunch subdivision of the former and Fitzgerald a hopeless member of the latter. While Paris had a crucial formative effect on Hemingway that it did not have on Fitzgerald, it would be... ...n R. french Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, St. Martins Press, 1998 4. http//ntsrv2000.educ.ualberta.ca/nethowto/examples/bradley/mansfiel/paris.htm 5. http//www.lib.unc. edu/rbc/french_expatriates/paris.html 1 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 12 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 6 3 5 4 Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 69 5 Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 35-36 6 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 233 7 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 167 8 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance Essay examHemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance Youre an expatriate. Youve lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed with sex. You spend all your time talking, not working. You are an expatriate, see? (Sun Also Rises, 115)1 Paris in the 1920s was a place that seemed to embody dynamic artistic achievement. Many of the great artists of modernist movements were either there or had passed through at some point. It became the living embodiment of the old joke So Hemingway, Fitzgerald and Modigliani walk into a bar... For Americans traveling to Paris after the war with artistic intentions, it was a win-win situation Freedom from stultifying artistic conventions and the burgeoning corporate culture, and life in a bohemian community with cheap francs, an old order debunked by the war, and an already established network of expatriate heavy hitters (Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound). Even among the American expatriate class, however, there was a division between groups. There were those who went to Paris to fully immerse themselves in the bohemian lifestyle (even if part of it was more show than reality) and interact and bicker with other self-proclaimed artists, while the ot her went to Paris due to its burgeoning reputation as a place to see and be seen among the literati (much like the latest trendy eatery in Los Angeles). Some were there for the art, others for the atmosphere. Hemingway, in his retrospective A Movable Feast, would consider himself a staunch member of the former and Fitzgerald a hopeless member of the latter. While Paris had a crucial formative effect on Hemingway that it did not have on Fitzgerald, it would be... ...n R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, St. Martins Press, 1998 4. http//ntsrv2000.educ.ualberta.ca/nethowto/examples/bradley/mansfiel/paris.htm 5. http//www.lib.unc.edu/rbc/french_expatriates/paris.html 1 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 12 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 6 3 5 4 Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 69 5 Hemingway, Ernest A Moveable Feast, pg 35-36 6 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 233 7 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg 167 8 Kennedy, J. Gerald and Bryer, Jackson R. French Connections Hemingway and Fizgerald Abroad, pg